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COPYRFGHT DEPOSIT. 



BASKERVILL-SEWELL ENGLISH COURSE 



LANGUAGE LESSONS 



BY 



J. W. SEWELL 



UNIVERSITY SCHOOL FOR BOYS, STONE MOUNTAIN, GA. 



>>*:< 



NEW YORK •:• CINCINNATI •:■ CHICAGO 

AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY 






Emu 



the library of 
congress, 


Two Copies 


Received 


JAN 31 


1903 


Copyright 
O0LASS 0- 


Entry 
XXo. No. 


S~ C 1 

COPY 


3 
8. 



Copyright, 1900, 1903, by 
J. W. SEWELL. 

Entered at Stationers' Hall, London. 



BASKERVILL-SEWELL LANG. LESS. 
E-P 1 



PREFACE 

Even to follow a beaten track in the present enlight- 
ened methods of teaching English may afford an earnest 
teacher opportunity for improving text-books. But in 
this volume are contained, it is hoped, some special fea- 
tures. Too often a child is called upon to enter the diffi- 
cult study of formal grammar with almost no preparation. 
His book of language lessons, beautiful and pleasant as 
it was, did not, as he discovers, furnish him adequate 
introduction to the science of grammar ; nor, among a 
number of agreeable exercises, did he really strengthen 
himself with any systematic or progressive study of 
composition. 

The writer trusts that such vital needs may be satisfac- 
torily met in these pages. Enough of grammar is fur- 
nished to lead a child naturally up to a formal text-book, 
the facts that are learned being restated and emphasized 
by frequent reviews. A series of dictation exercises, 
questions and answers, oral narratives and descriptions 
followed by the written forms, unfinished stories to be 
completed, paraphrases, outlines and exercises in para- 
graph structure/ is a serious endeavor to present a me- 
thodical and permanently useful course in composition. * 

3 



4 PREFACE 

An effort is made to have all matter expressed in the 
simplest and most idiomatic language. Especially is it 
the intention to have something of real value in every 
exercise, let the subject matter be what it may. Under- 
neath all is a conviction that it is the child's right to have 
his tasks attractive as well as improving. 

J, W. SEWELL. 



INDEX TO CONTENTS 



ABBREVIATIONS, 20, 154. 
ADJECTIVE PHRASES, 127. 
ADJECTIVES, 25, 26, 32, 100, 101, 1 33. 
ADVERBIAL PHRASES, 127. 
ADVERBS, 94, 95, 96. 
ANALYSIS, of compound sentences, 
148. 
of simple sentences, 106, 107. 
APOSTROPHE, 32, 115, 157. 

BIBLE STORIES, 
Story of Daniel, 35. 
Story of David, 13. 
Story of Elijah, 19. 
Story of Joseph, 24. 
Story of Samson, 28. 

CAPITAL LETTERS, 10, 16, 20, 22, 

156. 
CLAUSES, 141. 
COLON, 156. 
COMMAS, 62, 141, 156. 
COMMANDS, 37, 41. 
COMMON NOUNS, 15, 17, 18. 
COMPOSITION, see Story Writing. 
COMPOUND SENTENCES, 140, 141, 

142, 145, 148, 151. 
CONJUNCTIONS, 87, 91. 
CONTRACTIONS, 32, y 3 . 
CONTRASTS, 

Apple and the Orange, The, 138. 

Dog and the Wolf, The, 114. 

Horse and the Cow, The, 1 14. 

Mouse and the Hole, The, 142. 

Potato and the Tomato, The, 145. 

Rabbit and the Squirrel, The, 118. 



DESCRIPTION, 70, 103. 
DICTATION EXERCISES, 

Arrow and the Song, The, 1 1 7. 

Boy and the Jewel, The, 79. 

Child in the Bear's Den, The, 49. 

Dog and his Shadow, The, 10. 

Fox and the Crane, The, 27. 

Fox and the Grapes, The, 13. 

Humming Bird, The, 145. 

Making Good Weather, 93. 

Mice and the Cat, The, 23. 

Ruined Castle, The, 105. 

Rules for Reading, 144. 

Selections, 155. 

Truth and the Traveler, 63. 

Wise Crow, A, 19. 
DIRECT OBJECT, 51, 53. 
DIRECT QUOTATION, 62. 

EXCLAMATION, 71, 72, 74. 
EXCLAMATION POINT, 71, 72, 

156. 

GRAMMAR LESSONS, 

Adjectives, 25, 26, 32, 100, 101, 

*33- 
Adverbs, 94, 95, 96. 
Analysis, 106, 107, 148. 
Clauses, 141. 
Compound sentences, 140, 141, 142, 

145, 148, 151. 
Conjunctions, 87, 91. 
Nouns, 11, 13, 15, 17, 18, 32, 112, 

113, 115, 118, 133. 
Number, singular and plural, 1 12, 

"3- 

Objects, 51, 53, 55, 56,57, 125. 



INDEX TO CONTENTS 



GRAMMAR LESSONS — Continued, 
Phrases, 122, 127. 
Predicate, 43, 45, 46, 49. 
Predicate nouns and adjectives, 133, 

134, 137. 
Prepositions, 123. 
Pronouns, 65, 68, 69, 77, 78, 79, 80, 

83, 84, 125. 
Reviews, 52, 60, 61, 104, no, in, 

114, 130, 146, 158, 159, 160. 
Simple sentences, 9, 36, 37, 44, 

Subject, 43, 45, 46, 49, 55, 57. 
Verbs, 30, 31, 32. 

INFORMATION LESSONS, 
African Children, 40. 
Ants, Facts about, 39, 63. 
Bees, Facts about, 44. 
Butterflies, Facts about, 57. 
Camel, The, 97. 
Cat, The, 26. 
Chinese Children, 48. 
Clouds, 129. 
Coffee, 88. 

Cork and Rubber, 99. 
Cotton, 124. 
Cow, The, 31. 
Dog, The, 14. 
Eskimos, 58. 
Faster Ways of doing Things, 132, 

*39- 

Fly's Eyes and Feet, The, 68. 
Forests, Importance of, 151. 
Gardener Bird, The, 150. 
Horse, The, 19. 
Humming Bird, The, 143. 
Indian Children, 54. 
Kangaroo, The, 102. 
Lion, The, 93. 
Partridge, The, 136. 
Rabbit, The, 36. 
Rain, 135. 
Rivers, 145. 
Salt, Facts about, 131. 
Silk, Facts about, 120. 



INFORMATION LESSONS— Con- 
tinued, 

Spiders, Facts about, 50, 76. 

Sponge, The, 86. 

Tea, 92. 

Tiger, The, 74. 
INITIALS, 20. 
INTERJECTIONS, 71. 
INTERROGATION POINT, 37, 83, 

156. 
INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS, 83, 



LETTER WRITING, 80, 81, 91, 92, 

98, I02, IO5, 112, II7, 121, I24, 
126, I30, I37, I42, I47, 151, I57. 

MEMORY EXERCISES, 

Ant and the Glow-worm, The, 137. 

Arrow and the Song, The, 116. 

I want Mamma, 76. 

Little Jack Frost, 34. 

Little by Little, 147. 

Little Things, 28. 

Lost Doll, The, 22. 

Our Flag, 67. 

Will and the Way, The, 108. 

Wind and the Leaves, The, 152. 

NOMINATIVE PRONOUNS, 125. 
NOUNS, 11, 13, 15, 17, 18, 32, 112, 

113, 115, 118, 133. 
NUMBER OF NOUNS, 112, 113. 

OBJECTS, 51, 53,55, 56, 57, 125. 

ORAL DESCRIPTION, 70. 

OUTLINES, 121, 126, 129, 131, 132, 

135, l 37> l 39, 142, 143, H5, '53. 
158. 

PARAGRAPHS, 121, 136, 150. 
PARTS OF SPEECH, Exercise on, 

97- 
PERIODS, 10, 20, 37, 156. 
PHRASES, 122, 127. 



INDEX TO CONTENTS 



PICTURE STORIES, 10, 17, 24, 29, 
38, 42, 47, 52, 55, 59, 64, 66, 78, 
88, 97, 109, 119, 128, 131, 140, 

148. 155- 
PLURAL NUMBER, 112, 113. 
POETRY CHANGED TO PROSE, 

114, 119, 137, 153. 
POSSESSIVE, of Nouns, 115, 118. 

of pronouns, 79, 80. 
PREDICATE, 43, 45, 46, 49. 
PREDICATE ADJECTIVES, 133, 

134, 137- 
PREDICATE NOUNS, 133, 134, 

PREPOSITIONS, 123. 
PRONOUNS, 65, 69, 77, 78, 79, 80, 

83, 84, 125. 
PROPER NOUNS, 15, 17, 18. 
PROSE, FROM POETRY TO, 114, 

"9, *37> 153. 
PUNCTUATION, 

Apostrophe, 32, 115, 157. 

Capitals, 10, 16, 20, 22, 156. 

Colon, 156. 

Comma, 62, 141, 156. 

Exclamation point, 71, 72, 156. 

Interrogation point, 37, 83, 156. 

Period, 10, 20, 37, 156. 

Quotation marks, 62, 156. 

Semicolon, 156. 

QUESTIONS, 19, 37, 38, 40, 41, 44, 

74, 83, 84, 86, 99, 145. 
QUOTATION MARKS, 62, 156. 

REVIEW, 52, 60, 61, 104, no, in, 

114, 130, 146, 158, 159, 160. 
RHYME, 153. 

SEMICOLON, 156. 
SENTENCES, 

compound, 140, 141, 142, 145, 148, 
15I- 



SENTENCES — Continued, 

simple, 9, 36, 37, 44, 151. 

{See Writing Sentences.) 
SINGULAR NUMBER, 112, 113. 
STANZAS, 153. 
STATEMENTS, 37, 38, 39, 40, 44, 48, 

50, 63, 74, 76, 88, 93, 136. 
STORY WRITING, 

Acorns, 148. 

Andrew Jackson, 96. 

Black Bear, The, 75. 

Fly's Eyes and Feet, The, 68. 

Fox and the Crow, The, 64. 

Fox and the Grapes, The, 12. 

Franklin, Benjamin, 82. 

Hare and the Tortoise, The, 61. 

Kind-hearted Boy, The, 39. 

Making Great Plans, 72. 

Mice and the Cat, The, 23. 

Ostrich, The, 90. 

Piper of Hamelin, The, 84. 

Story of Daniel, 35. 

Story of David, 13. 

Story of Elijah, 19. 

Story of Joseph, 24. 

Story of Samson, 28. 

Strange Dish, A, 74. 

Washington, George, 70. 

Wise Crow, A, 18. 

{See also Picture Stories and Un- 
finished Stories.) 
SUBJECT, 43, 45, 46, 49, 55, 57- 

UNFINISHED STORIES, 
Bob and the Beggar, 132. 
Faithful Dog, A, 122. 
Fox and the Crab, The, 65. 
How a Clock saved a City, 103. 
Katharine's Boast, 128. 
Lump of Gold, A, no. 
Robert and the Parade, 1 1 2. 
Was he Honest, 104. 
What Gertie Found Out, 81. 
Will and the Circus, 144. 
Wonderful Fiddler, The, 89. 



8 



INDEX TO CONTEXTS 



VERBS, 30, 31, 32. 
VERSES, 153. 

WRITING SENTENCES, 
Cat, The, 26. 
Cow, The, 31. 
Dog, The, 14. 



WRITING SENTENCES— Con- 
tinued, 
Eskimos, 58. 
Grateful Dog, A, 16. 
Kindness to Animals, 21. 
Rabbit, The, 36. 
Silk, Facts about, 1 20. 



LANGUAGE LESSONS 



■»X*c 



i. THE SENTENCE 
The Dog and his Shadow 




One day a dog was crossing a brook. He had a piece of meat 
in his mouth. He looked down into the water and saw his own 
shadow. He thought the shadow was another dog with a larger 
piece of meat in his mouth, and he dropped his own meat to snatch 
at the other dog's. Thus he lost both pieces. He lost the one in 
the shadow, and he lost his own piece. This shows that greediness 
does a person little good. 

What is the first thought in this story? It is a 
thought about a dog: One day a dog was crossing 
a brook. This is called a sentence. 



IO 



DICTATION EXERCISE 



A sentence is a group of words telling a thought. 

Read the second sentence on page 9 ; the third ; 
and all the rest in the story. How many sentences 
are there in all ? 

Notice that each sentence begins with a capital 
letter and ends with a period. 

Copy all the sentences neatly on your paper. 

2. DICTATION EXERCISE 
The Dog and his Shadow 

Write all the sentences of Lesson 1 as they are 
read to you by the teacher. 



3. PICTURE STORY 









What do you see in the first picture ? How many 
kittens? How many mice? What has the kitten 
clone ?- What had the mice been eating ? Was the 
kitten hiding and watching the mice ? Could she 
catch both mice in her mouth? Why not ? Did 
she know which one to snatch with her teeth ? 



NOUNS ■ II 

In the second picture what did the kitten try to 
do? To eet one, did she let q-o the other? What 
did the mice do ? What did one of them lose ? 
Was the kitten greedy ? 

Recite the answer to each question, making a 
complete sentence of each answer. Then write the 
answers so as to make a story. 

4. NOUNS 

1. The boy left his knife on the chair. 

2. The bird has its nest in the tree. 

When you wish to speak of a thing, you tell the 
name of it. In the first sentence, boy is the name of 
a young person ; knife is the name of a tool to cut 
with ; chair is the name of something to sit on. Bird, 
nest, and tree are also names of things. 

Words that are the names of things are called 
name-words or nouns. 

Exercise i. — Tell what words in these sentences 
are names of things : — 

1. A chair and a book are in the room. 

2. 1 lost my marbles in the street. 

3. The doll had lost its eyes and its hair. 

4. The boy found an apple in his desk. 

5. Flowers and trees are in our yard. 

6. The church has a bell in the steeple. 

7. The old schoolhouse was near the road. 



STORY WRITIXG 



Exercise 2. — Copy these sentences, and put a noun 
in place of each blank : — 



In summer we play with — 

In winter we play with 

I saw a in the old oak 



and 



and 



to our new 

on the 



We will hitch a 
Henry sailed a - 

The builds its in a . 

The cat was running after a . 

The cow drank some from the 



5. STORY WRITING 

The Fox and the Grapes 

A hungry fox once saw a vine laden with choice grapes. He 
thought that these would taste very good to him. So he jumped 
after them, but they were too high. He 
tried to climb the vine. He was not 
able to do this. He jumped again and 
again, until he was tired out. Then he 
tried to deceive himself and said that the 
grapes were sour, and not good to eat. 

It is not right to belittle things just 
because we cannot get them. 

Why did the fox want some 
grapes? Where did he find 
some ? How did he think they 
would taste? How did he try 
to get them? Did he jump more than once? How 
else did he try to reach them ? Was he able to 




DICTATION EXERCISE I 3 



reach them at all ? Did he get tired ? What did 
he say to himself ? Was he right ? 

Answer all the questions in complete sentences. 
Then write the story in your own words. 

6. DICTATION EXERCISE 
The Fox and the Grapes 

Write the story in Lesson 5 as your teacher reads 
it to you in the class. 

7. EXERCISES ON NOUNS 

1. Write the names of five things on the teacher's 
desk. 

2. Write the names of five things on the dinner 
table. 

3. WVite the names of five kinds of playthings. 

4. Write the names of fivt kinds of vegetables. 

5. Write the names of five kinds of flowers. 

Write sentences about : — 

1. Five kinds of animals seen every day. 

2. Five kinds of fruits that you like. 

3. Five kinds of birds that you have seen. 

4. Five things in your bedroom. 

8. STORY WRITING 
The Story of David 

After the teacher has related to the class the story 
of David, the pupils should answer the following- 
questions : — 



H 



WRITING SENTENCES 



What was David's occupation when he was a boy ? 
What is a shepherd ? Where was David when he 



heard of Goliath ? Who was Goliath 



What did 



he say to the men of Israel ? Did David want to 
fight Goliath ? What did the giant say to him ? 
What did David take to fight with? What did 
Goliath use ? Can you tell about the fight ? Was 
David King of Israel afterwards ? 
Write the story in your words. 



9. WRITING SENTENCES 
The Dog 




There are so many kinds of dogs that it is hard to tell what 
each one looks like. So we give a picture of six kinds. In the 
center in front you see a big, gentle St. Bernard. Behind him is 
a strong, fierce mastiff. In the lower left-hand corner there is a 
little terrier and in the upper left-hand corner a collie. In the 
right-hand corner we see a poodle and behind him a slender grey- 
hound. 



NOUNS 15 

Have you ever seen a greyhound ? What does 
he look like ? Have you ever seen a shepherd 
dog ? Can you describe him ? For what is he 
useful ? What is a watch dog ? Which kind of 
dog do you like best? 

Recite the answers. Then write them, making 
complete sentences. 

10. NOUNS 

1. London is the largest city in Etirope. 

2. George Washington, our first president, was born in Virginia. 

In the first statement we have two names, Lon- 
don and Europe ; but they are not like the names 
we studied in Lesson 4. London is the name of a 
certain city ; Etirope is the name of a certain great 
country. So George Washington is the name of a 
certain man, and Virginia is the name of a state. 
They are called proper nouns. 

We use such nouns as these when we wish to 
give special names to persons and places. 

Words like city and president, and the nouns in 
Lesson 4, are called common nouns. 

Exercise. — Write the names of: — 

1. Five of your schoolmates. 

2. Five towns in your state. 

3. Five men living near you. 

4. Five large rivers in the United States. 

5. Five men who keep things to sell. 



1 6 WRITING SENTENCES 

Notice that every proper name begins with a 
capital letter. 

ii. WRITING SENTENCES 
A Grateful Dog 

A druggist in the great city of Paris once heard a loud scratching 
at his door. He opened the door, and in walked a strange dog, 
holding up a bleeding paw. The druggist, who was a kind man, 
bound up the wound for the dog. Every day after that the dog 
would come in and wag his tail to thank the man. 

One day this dog brought in another dog with a wounded paw 
to be cured. The druggist saw then that the first dog was kind as 
well as wise. 

In Paris there is a hospital for dogs and cats. When they are 
hurt or starving, kind-hearted people take care of them until they 
are well, and then give them to some one who will treat them 
kindly. 

Where did the man who is spoken of in this 
story live? What was his business? What did 
he hear at his door? What was the matter with 
the dog ? What did the man do ? Was the dog 
thankful ? 

What did the do2f do afterwards ? What did the 
druggist think of this ? 

How are dogs and cats taken care of in Paris ? 
Ought boys and girls to be kind to all animals ? 
Why ? 

Recite the answers, then write them, making com- 
plete sentences. 



PICTURE STORY 
12. PICTURE STORY 



17 




Who are these two boys ? Tell what each one is 
riding on. What season is it? How can you tell? 
What is each one driving ? Are the boys in trouble ? 
Why ? Is a goat a good animal to drive ? 

Recite the answers in complete sentences, then 
write the story in your own words. 



13. COMMON AND PROPER NOUNS 

Write sentences about four kinds of buildings. 
Write sentences about four kinds of trees. 
Write sentences about four kinds of insects. 
Write the names of five states of the Union. 
W r rite the names of their capitals. 
Write the names of five rivers. 



LANG. LESS. — 2 



1 8 COMMON AND PROPER NOUNS 

14. COMMON AND PROPER NOUNS 

i. Write sentences about four kinds of vehicles. 

2. Write sentences about four kinds of workmen. 

3. Write sentences about four kinds of precious 
stones. 

4. Write the names of the days of the week. 

5. Write the names of the months of the year. 

6. Write the names of five countries of Europe. 



15. STORY WRITING 
A Wise Crow 

A crow that was very thirsty found a pitcher by the roadside. 
But when he looked into it he saw so little water that he could not 

reach it. He tried again and again. 
Then he thought of a good plan. 
He began to drop stones into the 
pitcher until the water came to the 
top, where he could reach it. In 
this way he saved his life. 

Very often when we see that things 
have to be done, we can find a way 
to do them. 

Where did the crow find 
some water ? Could he drink 
it ? What plan did he think 
of? Tell what he did. What 
made the water come to the 
top? How did the water 
help the crow ? Why do you think this was a wise 




DICTATION EXERCISE 1 9 

crow ? What good lesson do we learn from the 
story ? 

Write the story in your own words. 

16. DICTATION EXERCISE 
A Wise Crow 

Write the story in Lesson 15 as the teacher reads 
it to you in the class. 

17. QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 
The Horse 

The horse is a very useful animal. His mane and tail are long 
and flowing. His hoofs are hard, and are usually kept shod with 
iron shoes. He stands almost as high as a man. Horses run 
wild in some countries, and tame horses are used to catch them. 

Can you think of some uses for horses ? What 
vehicles do they pull ? What do farmers use them 
for? Do people ride them as much as they used 
to do ? Can street cars run without them ? Do 
any carriages run without them ? If the horse is 
so useful, ought he not to be treated kindly ? 

Write answers to these questions. 

18. STORY WRITING 
The Story of Elijah 

After the teacher has related the story of Elijah 
the pupil should answer the following questions : — 

Who was Elijah ? Who was Baal ? Was he a 
true God ? What kind of trial did Elijah propose, 



20 ABBREVIATK >NS 

to show which was the true God ? What did the 
priests of Baal do ? What did Elijah say to them 
about their god ? What did Elijah then do ? What 
happened when his altar was ready ? 
Write the story in your own words. 

19. ABBREVIATIONS 

1. Doctor John William Brown lives near us. 

2. Dr. J. W. Brown lives near us. 

Sometimes a person writes only a part of his 
name instead of the full name ; for John William he 
can write /. W. These are called initials ; each is 
a capital letter and has a period after it. Instead of 
the word Doctor, which is a title, we may write Dr., 
an abbreviation. Initials are also abbreviations. 

Most abbreviations begin with capital letters and 
end with periods. 

Study the following list of abbreviations : — 



Colonel, 


Col. 


County, 


Co. 


Doctor, 


Dr. 


Captain, 


Capt. 


Mister, 


Mr. 


Honorable, 


Hon. 


Mistress, 


Mrs. 


Reverend, 


Rev. 


Professor, 


Prof. 


General, 


Gen. 



Exercise. — Write the following names, using 
abbreviations and initials where yon can : — 

Mister James Walter Taylor. 
Honorable John Quincy Adams. 



WRITING SENTENCES 

Colonel Edward Elliott Wilson. 
Captain George Terry Maitland. 
Mistress Anna Hedden White. 
Reverend Henry Ward Beecher. 
Professor Moses Coit Tyler. 

20. WRITING SENTENCES 
Kindness to Animals 



21 







How many horses do you see in the picture ? 
Where are they standing? Why are they huddled 
close together ? What season of the year is it ? 



22 MEMORY EXERCISES 

Ought not the horses to be made as comfortable 
as their masters are? Have they been treated 
kindly ? What should be done for horses that 
have to stand in such weather ? 

Write the answers in complete sentences, thus 
making a lesson about kindness. 

21. MEMORY EXERCISES 

) 

The Lost Doll 

I once had a sweet little doll, 

The prettiest doll in the world ; 
Her cheeks were so red and so white, 

And her hair was so prettily curled. 

But I lost my poor little doll, 

As I played in the garden one day, 

And I cried for her more than a week, 
But I could not find where she lay. 

I found my poor little doll, 

As I played in the garden one day, 

But they say she is not the same, 
For her paint is all washed away ; 

And her arms are broken and gone, 
And her hair's not the least bit curled ; 

Yet, for all those things, she is still 
The prettiest doll in the world. 

Learn these lines so that you can repeat them. 

Mention the nouns in this poem, and tell which 
kind each is. Notice that each line of poetry 
begins with a capital letter. 



STORY WRITING 



23 



22. STORY WRITING 



The Mice and the Cat 



The mice were afraid of the cat. 
They held a meeting one day to talk 
the matter over. They wished to 
arrange some way to let them know 
when the cat was coming. They 
decided that the best plan was to tie 
a bell around the neck of the cat. 
The ringing of the bell would warn 
them, and they could get away. 
But when they wished to find some 
one to tie the bell on, not a mouse 
was willing to try it. 

It is easy to think of good plans, 
but, if they are dangerous, most peo- 
ple are not willing to carry them out. 



Why did the mice hold a meeting? What did 
they wish to do ? What did they decide was the 
best plan ? Why was it a good plan ? Did they 
carry out the plan ? Why not ? What does the 
story teach us ? 

Write the story in your own words. 




23. DICTATION EXERCISE 
The Mice and the Cat 



Write the story in Lesson 22 as the teacher reads 
it to you in the class. 



24 



PICTURE STORY 



24. PICTURE STORY 




What did the doo; find to eat? How does the 
dog look ? Have people fed the dog well at home ? 
What kind of birds are around the dog? What do 
they want ? How will they make the dog give it 
up? Do they peck at him to scare him? Is the 
dog willing to give up the bone ? Will the crows 
get it ? 

Write the story in your own words. 



25. STORY WRITING 
The Story of Joseph 

Answer the following questions, after the story of 
Joseph has been related by the teacher: — 



ADJECTIVES 25 

Who was Joseph's father ? What kind of coat 
did he give Joseph? How did the boy's brothers 
feel toward him? What did they do to get rid of 
him ? Where is Egypt ? What did Pharaoh do 
for Joseph ? How did Joseph treat his brothers 
when they came to Egypt ? W 'here did his brothers 
and his father live after the famine ? 

Point out the proper nouns. Write the story in 
your own words. Begin each proper noun with a 
capital letter. 

26. ADJECTIVES 

1. The large bottle holds blue ink. 

2. Pretty birds fly around the green trees. 

What kind of bottle is spoken of in the first sen- 
tence ? Wmat kind of ink? In the second state- 
ment, what kind of birds are spoken of ? What 
kind of trees ? The words large, blue, pretty, and 
green tell what kind, or describe. 

Words that tell what kind are called adjectives. 

Exercise i. — In these statements, find all the 
words that tell what kind: — 

1. Little pitchers have big ears. 

2. A wise son raaketh a glad father. 

3. A merry heart makes a bright face. 

4. Busy children like a quiet school. 

5. A lazy dog was in the warm corner. 

6. The angry man gave me a cross answer. 



26 



ADJECTIVES 



Exercise 2. — Copy the following statements, 
filling each blank with an adjective : — 

1. The man lost his watch. 

2. The calf broke my kite. 

The cat has three kittens. 

Some leaves fell from the trees. 



I gave my 



top to the 



child. 



Exercise. 



27. ADJECTIVES 
///. each of the following blanks put 



three or more adjectives : — 

1. apples are on the trees. 

2. pebbles are in the brook. 

3. On that bush is a rose. 

4. Boys should be kind to the birds. 



5. Henry found a 



Puppy- 



Example : Large, red, mellow apples are on the trees. 

Write sentences, using the adjectives heavy, light, 
dark, bright, yellow, green, sad, cheerful, ugly, beauti- 
ful, old, new. 

28. WRITING SENTENCES 
The Cat 
The cat is very pretty and gentle. When she is little, she is 
very playful. Her fur is soft, and so are her paws, unless she 
is angry and pushes out her claws. She 
loves to be petted, and when she is pleased 
she makes a low sound called purring. 

For what is a cat useful ? What 
does she like to eat? Does she 
like to eat birds, and can she catch 




DICTATION EXERCISE 



2/ 



them ? Did you ever see a cat watch for a mouse 
and catch it ? Does the cat like to wet her feet ? 
Did you ever see a wild cat ? Does it look much 
like the house cat? 

Write answers, after recitino- them. 



29. DICTATION EXERCISE 
The Fox and the Crane 

A fox invited a crane to eat supper 
with him. He set out some soup in a 
flat dish, and the crane could not take 
up any of it in his long bill. The fox 
laughed at the crane, for he thought 
it very funny to see him go hungry. 

Another day the crane invited the 
fox. He set before the fox a tall 
pitcher with a narrow mouth. He 
could reach his own neck into it, 
but the fox was not able to get a 
taste of the supper. So the crane 
got even. 

There is an old saying that the 
man who laughs last laughs best. 

Write this story as it is read to you by the teacher 
in the class. Then draw one line under each noun 
and two under each adjective. 

In what way does this story remind you of the 
story in Lesson 15? Why could not the fox do as 
the crow did ? Do the two stories teach the same 
lesson ? Explain the difference between them. 




28 MEMORY EXERCISE 

30. MEMORY EXERCISE 
Little Things 

One step and then another, 

And the longest walk is ended ; 
One stitch and then another, 

And the largest rent is mended ; 
One brick upon another, 

And the highest wall is made ; 
One flake upon another, 

And the deepest snow is laid. 

A little — 'tis a little word, 

But much may in it dwell ; 
Then let a warning voice be heard, 

And learn the lesson well. 
The way to ruin thus begins, 

Down, down, like easy stairs ; 
If conscience suffers little sins, 

Soon larger ones it bears. 

Write these lines from memory, underlining the 
nouns and adjectives. 

31. STORY WRITING 
The Story of Samson 

After the teacher has related the story of Samson, 
answer the following questions : — 

What did Samson do when the lion came against 
him ? How did he get out of Gaza ? How did 
the Philistines try to seize him? How did they 
take him prisoner? How did Samson die? 

Write the story in your own words. 



PICTURE STORY 



PICTURE STORY 




What kind of tree is the boy looking at? Is it 
in his own yard ? Has he any right to the fruit ? 
What does the sign on the fence mean ? What 
does the boy decide to do ? Does he reach the 
apples? What happens to him? What makes 
him fall ? Does he lose the apples ? Is he badly 
hurt ? 

Write the story in your own words. 



30 VERBS 

33. VERBS 

1. The storm roared around the house. 

2. Nellie lo st her doll yesterday. 

3. The kind man fed his horse well. 

In tlrese statements, what did the storm do ? 
What did Nellie do ? What did the kind man do ? 
Which three words tell what something or some- 
body did ? These words state something about the 
storm, Nellie, and a kind man. 

A word that states something is called a verb. 

Exercise i. — Tell which words state something 
in the statements below : — 

1. The engine blew its whistle. 

2. The horse threw his young rider. 

3. Birds chirped in the trees. 

4. Elephants carry heavy loads. 

5. Foxes hunt with great cunning. 

6. Girls play with dolls in the house. 

Exercise 2. — Copy the following statements, and 
put a verb in each blank : — 

1. Walter his new pony to town. 

2. We snowballs in winter. 

3. We wild flowers in summer. 

4. The farmer his seed in the ground. 

5 . Mother the poor boy a coat. 

6. The boy my mother for the coat. 



VERBS 



31 



34. VERBS 

Exercise 1 . — Write sentences, using verbs which 
make statements abotit : — 

Squirrel, rabbit, tiger, lion, bears, hornets, fish, snake. 

Exercise 2. — Write sentences, using two or more 
verbs in each, about the following persons or ani- 
mals : — 

Father, baby, Charles, birds, Ponto, mice, owls, our teacher, 
the eagle, the lion. 

Example : Ponto barks, runs, and plays. 



35. WRITING SENTENCES 

The Cow 

The cow is one of the most useful and valuable of animals. 
Unlike the horse, she has horns. Her hoofs are soft, and are not 
shod. She is clumsy, and 
can not trot along as 
actively as a horse. She 
is not strong like a horse, 
and is not used for pull- 
ing loads. 




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M 






&^ 



Is the cow as tall 
as a horse ? What 
does she like to eat ? ^ . 

How is butter made? 

How is cheese made ? Can the cow's skin be used ? 
What is leather made of ? What is glue ? What 



32 



NOUNS, ADJECTIVES, VERBS 



is it made of ? Can the bones of the cow be used 
for soap ? For what can the cow's hair be used ? 
Write answers to these questions. 

36. NOUNS, ADJECTIVES, VERBS 

Exercise. — Write sentences, using nouns, adjec- 
tives, and verbs from the five columns below : — 



kite 


ball 


sharp 


handsome 


fell 


book 


pen 


pretty 


useful 


hangs 


knife 


Albert 


little 


lost 


left 


flower 


uncle 


new 


found 


writes 


purse 


large 


dirty 


cuts 


saw 


picture 


old 


red 


blooms 


bought 



Example : Henry lost his large kite. 



37. CONTRACTED WORDS 

1. (a) It is this boy who can not come. 
(b) Ifs this boy who can't come. 

2. (a) I have not a book that I will send him. 
(I?) I haven't a book that Fll send him. 

Notice the difference between sentences (a) and 
(b) in group 1 and also in 2. Very often, instead of 
speaking or writing a whole word, we shorten it. 
This is called the contraction of a word. 

The apostrophe. (') is used to show that part of a 
word is left out. 



CONTRACTED WORDS 33 

Exercise. — Write the full form instead of the 
following contractions : — 

1. If you' It stay I shan't go away. 

2. They don't know what I've promised. 

3. When I came he'd already started. 

4. That's the work that wasn't done right. 

5. Henry couldn't go, or wouldn't. 

6. We'll stop when we've written them all. 



38. CONTRACTED WORDS 

Exercise i . — Tell what each of the following 
contractions stands for, then write each sentence in 

full: — 

1. .5V^'//send me word soon. 

2. You've taken the wrong cap. 

3. I think that's my strap. 

4. Who'd go if you didn't? 

5. We'll go after they've gone. 

6. That's why I wouldn't go. 

Exercise 2. — Write the contracted form of the 
words indicated in these sentences : — 

1. You ought not to speak thus to your mother. 

2. // is a pity that winter is gone. 

3. Next week perhaps she will come down. 

4. Did George say that he would not play ? 

5. The bell had not rung at eight o'clock. 

6. You have made a mistake in one place. 

LANG. LESS. — 3 



34 



MEMORY EXERCISE 



39. MEMORY EXERCISE 

Little Jack Frost 

Little Jack Frost went up the hill, 
Watching the stars and the moon so still, 
Watching the stars and the moon so bright, 
And laughing alone with all his might. 
Little Jack Frost ran down the hill, 
Late in the night when the winds were still, 
Late in the fall when the leaves fell down, 
Red and yellow and faded brown. 




Little Jack Frost walked through the trees, 
" Ah," sighed the flowers, "we freeze, we freeze. 
"Ah," sighed the grasses, " we die, we die." 
Said Little Jack Frost, " Good- by, good-bv." 
Little Jack Frost tripped round and round, 
Spreading white snow on the frozen ground, 
Nipping the breezes, icing the streams, 
Chilling the warmth of the sun's bright beams. 



STORY WRITING 



35 




But when Dame Nature brought back the spring, 
Brought back the birds to chirp and sing, 
Melted the snow and warmed the sky, 
Little Jack Frost went pouting by. 
The flowers opened their eyes of blue, 
Green buds peeped out and grasses grew ; 
It was so warm and scorched him so, 
Little Jack Frost was glad to go. 

Learn this poem by heart. 

Make a list of nouns, one of adjectives, and one 
of verbs from the above lines. 



40. STORY WRITING 
A Story of Daniel 

After the teacher has related the story of Daniel, 
the pupils should answer the following questions : — 

Was Daniel a good man ? Why did the king 
command him to be cast into the den of lions ? 



36 



WRITING StVII \( is 



What is a lion ? What kind of place is a den ? 
What happened when Daniel was thrown into the 
den ? Was he hurt by the lions ? Was the king 
glad? What was done with Daniel's enemies? 
W r rite the story in your own words. 

41. WRITING SENTENCES 
The Rabbit 
The rabbit is an odd-looking little fellow. He is about the size 

of a cat. His ears are very 
long. They stand up when 
the rabbit sits, but lie on 
his back when he runs. 
His tail is only a little tuft 
of white. The negroes call 
him "cotton-tail." His 
hind legs are much longer 
than the front legs, and he 
,. runs by quick jumps. 

What does the rabbit like to eat ? Did you ever 
see tame rabbits ? Are they of the same color as 
the wild ones ? Can you tell how to make a trap to 
catch rabbits ? What would be put in the trap for 
bait ? 

Write answers after reciting them. 




42. THREE KINDS OF SENTENCES 

1. The cat catches a mouse every day. 

2. Did the cat catch a mouse yesterday? 

3. Kitty, catch that little greedy mouse. 



THREE KINDS OF SENTENCES 37 

The first sentence simply makes a statement, or 
declares that something is true. 

The second sentence asks a question about the 
cat. Such a sentence is always followed by a 
question mark, called also interrogation point (?). 

The third sentence gives a command, or tells the 
kitty to catch a mouse. Like the statement, it is 
followed by a period. 

Other examples are : — 

Statements. — i. The bird was singing sweetly. 

2. A boy shot the bird. 
Questions. — i. Have you lost your strap? 

2. Is not this my strap? 
Commands. — i. Take this bundle home. 

2. Do not lose my hammer. 

Exercise. — To which class does each one of the 
following sentences belong? 

i. Learn all your lessons well. 

2. Who was our country's greatest general? 

3. Children, talk kindly to your playmates. 

4. These men are running to see the fire. 

5. Can you tell me the capital of our State? 

6. Tell me the name of our governor. 

7. Columbus sailed in unknown seas. 

8. The earth is round like an orange. 

9. When did Columbus start on his voyage ? 

10. Our playmates do not forget our faults. 

1 1 . The water in the pond is frozen. 

12. Can vou count the stars? 



38 



PICTURE STORY 



43. PICTURE STORY 




How many puppies do you see in the first pic- 
ture ? Of what kind are they? How old are 
they? What are they leaning on? What is in 
the vessel ? Did the cook leave it there to cool ? 

What happened when the puppies tried to get 
it ? Could they get out ? Who took them out ? 
Were they scalded ? Were they drowned ? Did 
the cook whip them ? Did they not learn to keep 
out of mischief? 

Write the story in your own words. 



44. QUESTIONS AND STATEMENTS 

Exercise i. — Copy the following questions and 
write a statement in answer to each out : — 

1 . Who is President of our country ? 

2. What is the name of your teacher? 

3. When did Columbus discover America? 

4. Where does your father live ? 



STORY WRITING 39 

5. How do you like your school? 

6. Why do you go to school? 

7. Which kind of fruit do you like best? 

8. Is this a very hard lesson to write? 

Exercise 2. — Write questions about the follow- 
ing things : — 

duck nest tree 

sparrow eggs yard 

hen straw barn 

Example : Do you see the duck on the pond ? 

45. STORY WRITING 
A Kind-hearted Boy 

One cold morning in early spring, a little old man was trying 
to sell papers. He had ragged clothes on, and trotted up and 
down, trying to keep warm. He w T as so hoarse that people could 
hardly hear him call out his papers. Some boys made fun of him. 

But one boy stepped up bravely and said, " I will call out for 
you." The old man thought the boy was joking, but he called 
out the papers so clearly that they were soon sold. The boy 
would not take any pay, though the old man offered it. 

What do you think of this boy ? Is it worth 
while to be kind ? 

Write the story from memory. 

46. STATEMENTS 

Facts about Ants 

Ants build homes under the ground, making them out of clay 
or sand. In these homes they put away food for the winter, and 
they have other ants to guard this food. Some ants are kept as 



40 STATEMENTS AND QUESTIONS 

nurses to take care of the baby ants ; some are soldiers, for they 
are big and strong, and can fight for their homes. Some ants 
have cows ; that is, honey bugs, which give up their honey dew 
when the ants stroke and pat them with their feelers. 

The ants' feelers are in front of their heads, and with these they 
seem to let each other know where to find food, or where there is 
any danger. In another lesson we shall learn more of ants. 

Write ten statements about ants. 




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»*£* 



47. STATEMENTS AND QUESTIONS 
Children of Other Races : I. Africans 

In the southern part of Africa there lives a race of very in- 
telligent negroes. They are known as the Kaffirs. They are 
collected in villages called kraals. A kraal is a collection of huts 
in the form of a circle, surrounded by a high wall or stockade. 

Soon after a Kaffir baby is born, a " medicine man " comes 
and cuts its tender skin, then rubs in some kind of medicine. 
Next day the cuts are made still deeper, so that the little one 
suffers agony. Soon afterward the proud mother paints the baby 
red from head to foot. 

If the baby is a boy, the father takes great pride in it. If it is 
a girl, he does not care much for it. But when the girl grows 
up he can sell her for several cows. 

The Kaffir children have dolls made of leather. The girls do 
not work much. The boys train themselves to throw the spear, 
and to make traps ; and they go hunting with their fathers as soon 



COMMANDS AM) QUESTIONS 4 1 

as they are old enough. As they hunt the giraffe, the deer, the 
buffalo, the elephant, and the lion, they have to be good hunters 
to escape being killed. 

Write five statements and five questions about 
Kaffir children. 




©j«jQl.^ 



k>-'U ^l^^-ngpwp 



48. COMMANDS AND QUESTIONS 

Exercise i. — Write commands about the follow - 



ng things : — 



book cap dog 

strap gloves pony 

ink skates goat 

pen coat cow 

Example : Look at my pony in the street. 

Change each question in Exercise 2 of Lesson 44 
to a statement. 

Example : I see the duck on the pond. 



42 



PICTURE STORY 
49. PICTURE STORY 




What kind of sport have the boys prepared ? 
Why do you think it is a circus? Name some 
of the animals. Do the animals look real ? What 
has one boy in his cap? What is this boy saying 
to the other children? What are the animals 
made of ? 



SUBJECT AND PREDICATE 43 

If the weather continues cold, how long do you 
think the circus will last ? What will happen on 
the first warm or rainy day ? 

Write the story in your own words. 

50. SUBJECT AND PREDICATE 

1. The storm roared around the house. 

2. Nell lost her doll yesterday. 

3. The kind man fed his horse yesterday. 

The statements are made about the storm, Nell, 
and a kind man. These nouns are called subjects, 
because something is said about them. 

The subject names the person or the thing about 
which something is said. 

To find the subject of a sentence, w r e ask who? 
or what ? before the verb. What roared ? The 
storm : storm is the subject. Who lost the doll ? 
Nell: Nell is the subject. W T ho fed the horse? 
The kind man : man is the subject. 

The words roared, lost, and fed are verbs, because 
they state something ; they are also called predi- 
cates, — that is, declaring or stating words. 

The predicate tells something about a person or 
a thins:. 

To find the predicate of a sentence, we ask what 
the subject does or did. For example : The storm 
did what ? The storm roared: roared is the predi- 
cate. Nell did what? Nell lost her doll: lost is 



44 STATEMENTS AND QUESTIONS 

the predicate. The kind man did what? The 
kind man fed his horse : fed is the predicate. 

A predicate may have more than one word mak- 
ing one verb: as, will go ; has lost; was roaring; 
had fed. 

A simple sentence is a sentence that has one 
statement, question, or command. 

51. STATEMENTS AND QUESTIONS 
Facts about Bees 

What could be busier than a bee? As soon as fruit trees and 
flowers are in bloom in spring, the bees begin to hum around, 
hard at work. 

They collect nectar from the blooms, and also flower dust, or 
pollen, for their food. They carry this to the hive. Then they 
build honeycombs in a pretty and regular shape, putting the 
honey they make from the nectar in all the little cells. Part of 
the bees' food changes first into oil and then into the wax with 
which they build their cells. 

Each hive has a queen bee, who seems to command the other 



■- * * 




bees. When the hive gets too crowded, the bees swarm, and are 
taken to another hive. In winter they cling together in great 
swarms, so that they can stand the cold. Sometimes a cluster 



SUBJECT AND PREDICATE 



45 



of bees may be taken out of a cake of ice, and when warm 
weather comes they will be ready to work again. 

The humming of bees is the noise made by the swift move- 
ment of their wings through the air. 

Bees are not fighters, and will often crawl over a bare hand or 
foot with no thought of stinging. They usually sting only when 
they are attacked. 

i. Make five statements about bees, and in each 
draw one line under the subject and two lines 
under the predicate. 

2. Write five questions about bees. 





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^K^W"^^^^ 



52. SUBJECT AND PREDICATE 

Exercise. — Mention the subjects in these 
tences. Then mention the predicates : — 

1. George found a new knife. 

2. The knife was found on the street. 

3. Lead pencils break very easily. 

4. This apple fell from our tree. 

5. A large new house was burned. 

6. Perseverance conquers all things. 

7. Habit is a second nature. 

8. A guilty conscience never feels secure. 



sen- 



46 SUBJECT AND PREDICATE 

53. SUBJECT AND PREDICATE 

Exercise i. — Mention the predicates in these sen- 
tences : — 

1. That bird flew over the house. 

2. Some trees grow very slowly. 

3. Some beautiful flowers grew here. 

4. The children gathered some berries. 

5. The great bell tolled at noon. 

6. Many large rivers flow into the Amazon. 

7. Prevention is better than cure. 

8. Samson was a strong man. 

9. Evil communications corrupt good manners. 

10. No man can serve two masters. 

1 1. One stroke will not fell an oak. 

12. Great thoughts come from the heart. 

13. A rolling stone gathers no moss. 

Exercise 2. — Name the subjects and predicates 
hi these sentences : — 

1. Grandmother knits in her easy chair. 

2. Kitty runs about all day long. 

3. All good children obey their teachers. 

4. Good teachers are kind to their pupils. 

5 . My new reader fell into the water. 

6. The robins flew back to the woods. 

7. Jane milks the cow twice a day. 

8. A very angry boy tore his new book. 

9. Wisdom is better than rubies. 

10. The early bird catches the worm. 

11. Necessity knows no law. 

12. Time ripens all things. 

13. Every age has its own pleasures. 



PICTURE STORY 
54- PICTURE STORY 



47 




What is the man about to do ? Has he been kind 
to the cat? Why does the man look so surprised? 
What is the cat putting on his plate ? Is the cat 
grateful for the man's kindness? How does the 
cat show its gratitude ? Do you think the man is 
pleased with the cat's o-ift ? 

Write the story suggested by the picture in 
your own words. Tell first how the man was 
kind to the cat; then tell how the cat tried to 
repay this kindness ; and tell finally what you think 
the man did with the mice. 



48 



STATEMENTS 



55. STATEMENTS 
Children of Other Races : II. Chinese 



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The Chinese children are queer looking little fellows, with their 
olive skin, slanting eyes, long queues, and small feet. They are 
very solemn looking, and one would think they did not enjoy 
themselves much. But of course they do, in their own way. 

A Chinese child would think it very strange to see any American 
child disrespectful to his parents ; for in China a child would not dare 
even to sit down in a room without his father's permission. Great 
respect for parents is one of the chief lessons the children learn. 

The mothers wish to keep the feet of their little, girls from 
growing, so they tie the children's feet up and crowd them into 
tight little shoes. The poor girls hobble along very awkwardly. 



SUBJECT AND PREDICATE 49 

They have their playthings, of course, and the boys have plenty 
of firecrackers ; for, as you know, most of our own firecrackers 
come from China. The boys fly kites made in the shape of birds, 
fish, and butterflies, and they can make these kites fight together 
high up in the air. 

But strangest of all is the Chinese school. The Chinese chil- 
dren do not face the teacher, but stand with their backs to him and 
call out their lessons at the tops of their voices. When a child 
does not behave well, the teacher raps him with his fan ; but usually 
the children are very good and obedient, for they respect their 
teachers almost as much as their parents. 

Write three statements about each of these topics : 
how Chinese children look ; their playthings ; a 
Chinese school. 

56. SUBJECT AND PREDICATE 

Exercise. — Write sentences, using two or more 
predicates with each of the following subjects : — 

cat boys bird fox 

dog girls hen mole 

Example : Our cat plays and climbs the trees. 
Change the statements to questions. 

57. DICTATION EXERCISE 

The Child in the Bear's Den 

A little boy four years old was left with a pet lamb to play in 
the field. As they were not noticed, they wandered off into the 
woods together. They were not missed for some hours, and when 
they were hunted for, no one could find them. 

LANG. LESS. — 4 



50 



STATEMENTS 



The father was very uneasy, for there were bears and wolves in 
the woods. About daylight the boy's tracks were found, and they 
led right to a bear's den. The old bear came out to fight, and 
the men had to shoot her. When they went into the den, they 
found the boy safe, and playing with two pretty, gentle bear 
cubs. 

Copy this once, so that you can write it after- 
ward from the teacher's dictation. 



58. STATEMENTS 

Facts about Spiders 

Several kinds of spiders may be found about our homes. They 
all cast off their skins six times before they become full grown. 

They have 
eight legs 
and eight 
All build webs. 
The spider has some 
small tubes on its 
under side, from which 
there flows a sticky fluid. When 
this fluid reaches the air it becomes 
a fine silken thread, which the spider 
spins with its feet into a web. 
When a spider catches a fly, he spins 
his web around it and holds it fast. Then, 
as soon as he gets hungry, he eats the fly. 
The trap-door spiders build a house by digging 
down into the ground ; they line it with spider silk, 
and make a trap door at the top. This door closes with a re- 
markable hinge made of web. 




THE OBJECT 5 I 

1. Write from memory four statements about 
spiders — their skins, legs and eyes, webs, and food. 

2. Write four statements about " trap-door spiders/' 

59. THE OBJECT 

1. George has torn the nest from the tree. 

2. The hunter had killed a squirrel. 

3. The good boy loves his mother. 

In the first sentence, George has torn what? In 
the second, the hunter had killed what ? In the 
third, the good boy loves whom ? 

The words nest, squirrel, and mother are called 
the direct objects. Each verb tells what the subject 
does, or expresses action. 

The direct object names the person or thing that 
the subject does something to. It answers the ques- 
tion what ? or whom ? placed after the predicate. 

Exercise. — Point out the objects in these sen- 
tences : — 

1. The carpenter built a large new house. 

2. The child threw the new book away. 

3. The careless boy cut his finger. 

4. Each pupil found easy work to do. 

5. Mary placed the pretty dish there. 

6. Our gardener trimmed the young trees. 

7. Albert sent his big kite up high. 

8. Dash chased the poor old cat. 

Point out the subjects and predicates in the sen- 
tences just given. 



52 



PICTURE STORY 



60. PICTURE STORY 




What do you see in this picture ? What is the 
old dog doing? What has the old dog in her 
mouth? What is the little dog doing? What is 
the old dog teaching the little one ? Is the puppy 
afraid ? How can you tell ? What tricks can dogs 
be taught to do ? How do men train them best, by 
beating them or by treating them kindly ? Did you 
ever go to a dog and pony show ? What tricks did 
the dogs do ? 

Write the story in your own words. 



61. REVIEW 



1. Point out the adjectives in the Exercise of 
Lesson 59, and tell what each one modifies. 



THE OBJECT 53 

2. Write five sentences having direct objects 
modified by adjectives. Draw one line under the 
adjectives, and two lines under the direct objects. 

Example : We bought a large farm. 

62. THE OBJECT 

Exercise i . — Copy the following sentences and 
fill each blank with two or more objects : — 

1. Squirrels eat . 

2. Horses eat . 



3. A lazy boy lost his — 

4. At the circus we saw 

5. The sly fox killed — 



6. From the window I noticed 

7. The carpenter uses . 

8. At the grocery I bought — 

9. The farmer sows . 

10. Edith wears . 

n. Cats eat . 

12. John read . 

13. The children played . 

14. The baker sells . 



Exercise 2. — Write sentences using the follow- 
ing words as direct objects : — 



pony 


ball 


seed 


circus 


cow 


kite 


flower 


tent 


rabbit 


doll 


fruit 


clown 


baby 


top 


stem 


rope 



54 



SUBJECT AND OBJECT 



63. SUBJECT AND OBJECT 
Children of Other Races : III. Indians 




The Indians used to live in all parts 'of the United States, but 
now they live only in certain selected places ; and they dress and 
act very much like the white people. When they had control of 
the country, however, their ways were quite different from those 
of civilized people. 

The Indian baby, like the Kaffir, was kept in a strange cradle. 
This was a sort of bag with a strap, by which the mother could 
carry the baby on her back when she went to work. 

The girls were taught to do all sorts of work as soon as they 
were large enough. They planted the corn, hoed it, gathered it, 
ground it to make meal, and cooked it for the family. They 
dressed skins to make clothes and to cover the huts, or wigwams. 

The boys were trained to be hunters and warriors. They 
learned to handle the bow and arrow. Sometimes their father 
sent them away for weeks in the winter, to see whether they would 
be brave and would kill game to eat. They learned to track 
people and animals. They learned the ways of all the animals, 



PICTURE STORY 



55 



and knew how to set traps for them. But they thought the great- 
est object in life was to fight in wars and slay their enemies. 

Exercise. — Write sentences about Indian children, 
using the following words as subjects or objects: — 

Indians country cradle meal 

white people girls corn game 

wigwams skins clothes traps 

bow and arrow boys . warriors hunter 

Draw one line under the words you use as sub- 
jects, and two under those you use as objects. 

64. PICTURE STORY 




Describe the room where the two boys are stand- 
ing. What has one of the boys in his hand ? Are 



56 THE OBJECT 

the boys brothers ? How old do you think each one 
of them is ? 

Who is the lady and what is she doing ? What 
has she told the boys about playing in the house ? 
What did one of them shoot at? What did he 
strike ? Do you think the mirror is very valuable ? 
Should the boys be punished for disobeying ? Do 
they look as though they were sorry because they 
have grieved their mother ? Would it be a good 
lesson for them to work and pay for a new 
mirror? 

Write the story in your own words. 

65. THE OBJECT 

i. Write eight statements with direct objects, 
each modified by an adjective. 

Example, with object : The carpenter built a fence. 
Example, with an adjective modifier : The carpenter built a 
high fence. 

2. Change the eight statements you have just 
made to questions. 

Example : Did the carpenter build a high fence ? 

3. Deny the eight statements by inserting the 
word " not." 

Example : The carpenter did not build a high fence. 



SUBJECT AND OBJECT 



57 



66. SUBJECT AND OBJECT 
Facts about Butterflies 




A butterfly has a strange history. Before it becomes a butter- 
fly it is a caterpillar. After the caterpillar has been feeding for 
some time, it fastens itself to a branch by a silken thread. Then 
it sheds its skin and becomes motionless. After a while it sheds 
its skin again and the butterfly comes out. The caterpillar of the 
moth spins for itself a shroud or cocoon of silk. In this it lies 
buried from sight for a long time. When at last the little silk bag 
opens, the moth appears. 

You can find several kinds of butterflies in the warm months if 
you will look about. Close to the ponds you will see dozens of 
the bright little yellow ones and in your gardens you will find 
larger and prettier ones, sucking the nectar from the flowers. 

Some butterflies can hide when they alight on a leaf, because 
one side of their wings is so much like the color of the leaf. 

Write five sentences, using the word butterfly (or 
butterflies) as subject, and five using it as object. 



58 



WRITING SENTENCES 



67. WRITING SENTENCES 
Children of Other Races : IV. Eskimos 

Did you ever hear about the polar region? How should you 
like to live in the midst of ice and snow, in a region where half 
the year is daytime and the other half is night ? 

There is such a place in the far north, but dreary as it seems to 
us, people live there very happily. These people are called Es- 
kimos. The boys and girls of the Eskimos do not know what fruit 
and flowers and grass are, and they never see a tree. Only a 
few kinds of birds fly around. Wild animals, however, such as 
seals, white bears, and whales are often seen. 




The Eskimos live in houses made of solid ice, having a small 
opening for a door. It is so very cold that they have to go 
wrapped in skins of animals all the time. They learn to fish by 
taking bone hooks and strings of skin, and dropping the lines 
through holes in the ice. They have sleds made of wood brought 
by traders from other countries. They have some very fine dogs 
which are taught to draw the sleds. The children of the Eskimos 
eat lumps of fat and drink oil to keep themselves warm. It is said 
that they relish candles as our children enjoy sticks of candy. 



PICTURE STORY 



59 



Exercise. — Write sentences so as to Jill the blanks 
below. Draw a line under each direct object: — 

r 1 - — 

i. Eskimo children never saw j 2 - 

1 4- 

2. They sometimes see -{ ' 

3. For houses they use . 



4. For a door they have - 

5. Eskimo children wear 

( 1. 



6. They use 

7. They eat 



u 



and drink 



68. PICTURE STORY 




What animals do you see in the room ? Is it the 
room of a rich man's house? How can you tell? 



60 REVIEW 

How did the fox happen to come into the house ? 
What can you see through the window? What 
are the hounds after ? Did the fox try to escape ? 
Was the cat afraid of him ? Was the little dog 
afraid ? Was the dog strong enough to kill the fox ? 

Did the hunters and hounds come in and catch 
the fox? Did they think the little dog had been 
very brave ? 

Write the story in your own words. 

69. REVIEW 

What is a sentence ? How do you write the first 
word of a sentence ? What is a noun ? What are 
the two kinds of nouns? What is each kind the 
name of ? What is an abbreviation ? How do vou 
write an abbreviation ? Give an example. What 
is an adjective ? What is a verb ? 

What is a contracted word ? How do you write 
a contracted word ? 

What are the three kinds of sentences ? Tell 
what each kind does. What mark is put after 
each kind ? What is the subject of a sentence ? 
What is the predicate? What is the direct object? 

70. REVIEW 

i. Write eight sentences, each having a common 
noun used as subject and one used as direct object. 

2. Write eight sentences with proper nouns used 
as subjects of sentences. 



REVIEW 



6l 



71. REVIEW 

i. Write five sentences, each having a direct 
object modified by two adjectives. 

Example : The hunter killed a young, pretty deer. 

2. Write five sentences, each having one or two 
contracted words. 

72. REVIEW 

1. Write five questions and answers about the state 
in which you live. In your answers draw one line 
under each subject, two under each adjective used. 

73. STORY WRITING 
The Hare and the Tortoise 

One day a hare made fun of a tortoise because she was so slow 
and awkward. The tortoise laughed 
and said, " Even if you are as swift as 
the wind, I will beat you in a race." 
The hare was surprised that the tor- 
toise made such a boast, but agreed 
to the race. The fox promised to 
find the track and fix the goal. 

On the day set for the race the 
hare and the tortoise started together. 
The tortoise went right on toward the 
goal, without once looking around. 
But the hare was so sure of winning 
that he went to sleep, expecting to 
wake up and win in a moment. 
When he awoke he ran as fast as he 
could, but the tortoise had already 
crossed the goal and was taking a comfortable nap in the warm sun. 




62 t . QUOTATION .MARKS 

Write this story in your own words, and also the 
lesson it teaches. 

74- QUOTATION MARKS 

i. She said, "The old man will not hurt you." 
2. Rip inquired, " Does nobody here know me? " 

Quotation is using the words of some one else. 
When we copy a person's words exactly as he used 
them, this is called a direct quotation, and such 
expressions are always inclosed in quotation marks 

c ")• 

Exercise i. — Copy the following sentences, notic- 
ing where quotation marks are used: — 

i. "What is that you are saying?" asked the rose. 



The pansy said, " She must have a bouquet." 
The bird cried, " Polly is so cold ! " 
" I want to be a good man," said little Will. 
" Now, who will go to the mill? " she cried. 
" Not I ! " said the dog and the cat. 



What do the quotation marks in Lesson 39 show? 
In Lesson 78 ? In Lesson 92 ? 

Notice that in most cases a comma is used to 
separate a direct quotation from the rest of the 
sentence. 

Exercise 2. — ■ Copy the following sentences, and 
put in all the marks that air needed: — 

1. Do you think so asked his father 

2. Tlease give me the rope said the man 



DICTATION EXERCISE 63 

3. Now, who will reap this wheat she cried 

Not I the goose and duck replied 

4. Oh, I will, then said the little Red Hen 



75. DICTATION EXERCISE 

Truth and the Traveler 

A man, traveling in the desert, met a woman standing alone 
and looking very sad. He inquired of her, "Who are you?" 
" My name is Truth," she replied. " And why," he asked, " have 
you left the city, to dwell here alone in the wilderness?" She 
answered, " Because in former times Falsehood dwelt only with 
a few, but now she abides with all men, and I am forced to flee." 

Study the above story carefully, so that you can 
write it in the class when read by your teacher. 



76. STATEMENTS 
Facts about Ants 

Some ants have slaves. They fight with other bands of ants 
and make prisoners of them. They take their captives home 
with them and make these prisoners feed them and carry them 
about on their backs. After a while the slaves become satisfied 
with their lot and never again fight for their liberty. 

Some ants, when they wish to change their feeding grounds, 
march off together by the thousands. These armies of ants are 
so powerful that they devour many plants and animals in their 
path, and even men are very glad to keep out of their way. 

Write five statements, using the word ants as the 
subject of each, and the following words as objects : 
slaves, prisoners, armies, animals, bridges. 



64 



PICTURE STORY 



77. PICTURE STORY 




Write the story suggested by this picture. 



78. STORY WRITING 

The Fox and the Crow 

A crow had stolen a piece of meat and was perched in a tree 
with the meat in her beak. A fox who saw her was anxious to get 

the meat, so he tried a trick. " How 
pretty the crow is," he exclaimed, 
"what a fine shape she has and what 
a beautiful complexion ! But it is a 
pity that her voice is not equal to her 
beauty. If it were, she would surely be 
the Queen of Birds ! " The silly crow, 
thinking that the fox meant all this, 
opened her beak to show how fine her 
voice was. Of course the piece of meat 
fell, and the sly fox seized it. Then he 
said, "My dear crow, your voice is 
good enough, but you need a little 
more sense." 




UNFINISHED STORY 65 

Write this story from memory. Write also the 
lesson it teaches. 

79. UNFINISHED STORY 

The Fox and the Crab 

A fox made fun of a crab who was crawling awkwardly around. 
The crab said to him, "You may make fun of me, but I should 
like to run a race with you for a wager." The fox was surprised 
at this, but thought the race would be fun, so he agreed. The 
crab said, " I will run on one condition. You must stand just in 
front of me when we start." The fox thought of course that would 
be fair. When they took their places, the crab seized hold of the 
fox's tail, though the fox did not know it. . . . 

Write from memory this story so far as it is here 
given. Then finish the story as you think it ought 
to be. 

80. PRONOUNS 

1. The girl has lost her slate. 

2. Did John find his lost purse? 

3. Soon Sarah and /shall finish our work. 

In the first sentence, what word does her stand 
for? Answer, The girl. Instead of saying, "The 
girl has lost the girl's slate," we put the word her 
for the noun. So in the second sentence, we put 
his for John 's. /and our in the third sentence also 
stand for nouns. Such words are called pronouns. 

Pronouns are words that stand for nouns. 

LANG. LESS. — C 



66 



PICTURE STORY 



Exercise. — Point out the pronouns in these sen- 
tences, and tell what each stands for .- — 

i. The horse pranced, and tossed his head. 

2. If I succeed, I must do my duty. 

3. Do you always do just as you are told? 

4. The farmer went out to his barn. 

5. The girls said they had found their rings. 

6. But these guests I leave behind me, 
In your watch and ward I leave them. 

7. And mamma in her kerchief, and I in my cap, 
Had just settled our brains for a long winter's nap. 



1. PICTURE STORY 




m 




flii»iVini\\\\ffl 



I. Study this picture and write about polar bears: 
where they live ; their size ; their skin ; whether 
they are dangerous ; what they eat ; a story about 
one of them and a man. 



MEMORY EXERCISE 6j 

2. Get all the information you can, so as to be 
able to tell in the class and write about some other 
animals living at the North Pole. Tell their 
names ; their sizes ; their habits ; why they are use- 
ful ; how they are hunted ; whether they will live 
in warm climates. 

82. MEMORY EXERCISE 
Our Flag 

Tell me, who can, about our flag, 

With its red, and white, and blue ; 
How came it to have so many stars? 

And of pretty stripes so few ? 

The thirteen stripes are for thirteen States, 

That first into union came, 
For each new State we have added a star, 

But have kept the stripes the same. 

The number has now reached forty-five ; 

So here's an example for you : 
Take the " old thirteen " from forty-five, 

And how many States are new? 

Thirteen from forty-five ? Let's see : 

Well, three from five leaves two ; 
And one from four leaves three. There'll be, 

Remainder, — thirty-two ! 

And these all reach from east to west, 

On both the ocean shores ; 
And over all this proud flag waves 

And the bird of freedom soars ! 



68 



STORY WRITING 



i. Write from memory the poem u Our Flag," 



given on p. 67. 



2. Find out the names of the first thirteen States 
of our Union, so that you can write them when you 
come to the class. Be careful to learn how to spell 
them all correctly. 

Name and spell your own state and as many as 
you can of the other states in the Union. 





83. STORY WRITING 
The Fly's Eyes and Feet 

The fly has very queer eyes. It seems 

to have two eyes ; but if they are looked 

at closely under a strong magnifying 

glass, it will be found that there are really 
thousands of tiny eyes 
side by side. Each lit- 
tle eye is six sided. By 

this arrangement the fly can see in all directions 
at once. In the pictures you can see how the 
eyes look. 

There is also something remarkable about the 
fly's feet. The bottom of each foot has a kind 
of cup and a sticky fluid flows down into the 
feet, and holds them tight to the surface that 
the fly walks on. Hence the little insect can 
walk with equal ease on the wall, on the window, 
or on the mirror. 

Read this carefully so that you can tell about the 
fly and then write about it. 



PRONOUNS 69 

84. PRONOUNS 

In Lesson 80, we had the sentence, " Soon Sarah 
and I shall finish our work/' In this sentence, the 
pronoun /stands for the one who is speaking; our 
stands for the speaker and Sarah. 

The pronouns that stand for the speaker are /, 
my, mine, me; the pronouns that stand for the 
speaker with others are we, our, ours, and us. 

The pronouns that stand for the person or per- 
sons spoken to are you, your, or yours. 

The pronouns that stand for the person or thing 
spoken of are he, his, him, she, her, hers, it, its, they, 
their, tJieirs, them. 

Write ten sentences, each containing at least one 
of these pronouns. 

85. PRONOUNS 

Exercise. — Copy the following sentences, filling 
the blanks with the proper pronouns : — 

1. I watched the horsemen till turned. 

2. When the riders stopped, saw faces. 

3. My boy, do think task is done? 

4. The task is hard, but will finish . 

5. The sick lady held out thin hand. 

6. This man says has lost purse. 

In these six sentences tell what each pronoun 
stands for. 



yo ORAL DESCRIPTION 

86. ORAL DESCRIPTION 
The Bison, or Buffalo 



w 




Describe the buffalo. Where does it live ? Are 
there as many buffaloes in this country now as there 
used to be ? Tell how the Indians hunted the 
buffalo. 

87. STORY WRITING 
George Washington 

George Washington was not a poor boy, like Benjamin Franklin. 
He lived in Virginia on a great estate, and his father had a large 
number of slaves. 

But George, when a mere boy, showed what kind of a man he 
would be. He would not tell a lie when he did anything wrong. 
In those days boys had to write out the books that they studied, 
and young George's books were always neat and correct. He 
made some rules to guide him in his conduct, and he always tried 



EXCLAMATIONS 



71 



to live up to them. In running, jumping, wrestling, and horseback 
riding he was always the leader. 

When he grew to be a man, his 
good life and his strong body car- 
ried him through a great many 
sufferings. He became general of 
our army against the English in 
the Revolutionary War. He was 
also the first President of the United 
States, holding office for eight years. 
Washington was one of the world's 
best and greatest men. 

Tell this story in your 
own words. Then write anything else you know 
about George Washington. 




88. EXCLAMATIONS 

1. Oh ! What is that turning in the water? 

2. How he could trot ! How he could run ! 

3. What sighs have been wafted after that ship ! 

In the first sentence, the word oh ! is used to 
express excitement or strong feeling. In the second 
and third, the whole expressions are used to express 
strong feeling. 

A word or an expression so used as to express 
sudden or strong feeling- is called an exclamation. 

Words like O ! ah ! alas ! hurrah ! used in 
exclaiming, are called interjections. 

Exclamations are followed by an exclamation 
point (!). 



72 EXCLAMATIONS 

Exercise. — Rewrite the following sentences, chang- 
ing each statement to an exclamation : — 

i. All these places were familiar to me. 

2. A ship is a glorious monument of invention. 

3. She seems to lord it over the deep. 

4. We had a jolly time Christmas. 

5. I looked delightedly at the neat cottages. 

6. I was very glad to reach home again. 

.Example : How familiar to me were all these places ! 



89. EXCLAMATIONS 

Exercise. — Copy the following sentences, and 
put in the needed marks of punctuation : — 

1. Alas not one of them will ever return 

2. Land land ahead almost home now 

3. How often have I played under these trees 

4. Run Run Hurry Call the police 

5. What pretty pictures you have here 

6. It is Rip Van Winkle It is himself Welcome home again, 
old neighbor 

Write six sentences of your own, using exclam- 
ations. 

90. STORY WRITING 

Making Great Plans 

A farmer's daughter was carrying a pail of milk from the field 
to the house, when she began to make plans. " The money for 



STORY W KITING 



73 



which this milk will be sold will buy about a hundred eggs. These 
eggs will produce at least eighty chickens. These will be sold at 
the highest market price. Then I shall get a new dress and go 




to the Christmas frolics. All the young fellows will ask me to 
marry them, but I will toss my head and refuse every one." 

Being so busy with her thoughts, she tossed her head, and 
down came the pail. All the milk was spilled, and all her great 
plans came to nothing. 



Write from memory the story, and tell the lesson 
it teaches. 



74 STORY WRITING 

91. STATEMENTS, QUESTIONS. EXCLAMATIONS 
The Tiger 

The tiger is found in warm countries, and is a very beautiful 
animal. He loves to lie hidden in dark forests until he gets 
hungry, when he goes to seek his prey. He hunts mostly at 
night, and sleeps in the daytime. 

The tiger is very large. When stretched out, his skin would 
almost reach across a room. His skin is yellowish, with dark 
stripes. His ears are small. 

He usually feeds on animals, but sometimes kills men. When 
a tiger kills one man, he is never satisfied until he kills others. As 
he slinks about so quietly in the night, he is a very dangerous 
beast. A large reward is given in some places to any one who 
kills a man-eating tiger. 

Write four statements, four questions, and four 
exclamations about the tiger. 

92. STORY WRITING 

A Strange Dish 

A merchant invited some friends to dinner and promised to 
give them some rare sea fish. Various dishes were placed on the 
table, and at last came a dish with a cover on it. " That is the sea 
fish ! " thought the visitors. But when the cover was taken off, 
only some silver dollars were seen in the dish. All the guests 
looked up in surprise, and the merchant said : " My friends, the 
fish that I promised to give you cost three times as much as I 
thought they would. Every one costs a dollar. Now I happened 
to remember that in the next town there is a sick workman and 
his poor family who are suffering from hunger. I thought the 
money that I might spend for the sea fish would help these poor 



STORY WRITING 



75 



people many a day ; still if you want the fish, I will get them for 
you at once." 

The people at the table threw more money into the dish, so 
that the poor family had plenty to eat for a year. 

Write this story from memory. Write also the 
lesson it teaches. 

93. STORY WRITING 
The Black Bear 




Describe the black bear. Where does he li\ T e ? 
Are grizzly bears dangerous ? What is the old 
bear doing with the cub ? 

Write the stor\ T of a little bear in mischief. 



;6 



STATEMENTS 





94- STATEMENTS 
A Spider and its Enemy 
There is a large, ugly, poisonous spider called a tarantula. It 
is so large that it can stretch across a small saucer. It lives in 
Texas and some other western States, and is very 

much dreaded. 

But there is one little 
insect that is more than 
a match for the fearful 
tarantula. This is the 
common " mud dauber," 
which is something like a hornet. When 
the big spider sees a mud dauber, it tries 
to run and hide. The mud dauber 
darts down and quickly stings the taran- 
tula, then is off like a flash. Again and again this is done, until 
the monster lies still. 

Then the mud dauber digs a hole, lays an egg on the body of 
the tarantula, and buries it. When the young mud dauber is 
hatched out, it feeds on the body of the dead spider. 

i. Write four sentences to tell how the tarantula 
looks. 

2. Write four statements to tell how the mud 
dauber looks. 

3. Write four statements to tell how the mud 
dauber gets rid of the tarantula. 

95. MEMORY EXERCISE 
I Want Mamma 
Down from the hill, up from the glen, 
With waving flags and warlike din, 
They rushed — two troops of mounted men — 



PRONOUNS 77 

The boys in blue, the boys in gray ; 
And they had almost met that day, 
When, lo ! a child stood in the way. 

Its hands were filled with flowers • its eyes, 
As clear and soft as summer skies, 
Were opened wide in grave surprise. 

Upon the pretty baby head 

The sun a golden blessing shed, 

" I want mamma," the sweet voice said. 

Both captains shouted, " Halt ! " The men 
Reined in their eager steeds, and then 
The blue leaped down and up again, 

And galloping like mad, he bore 
The child he grasped a mile or more 
Back to its mother's cottage door. 

Loud rose the cheers from blue and gray 
As smilingly they turned away : 
There was no battle fought that day ! 

i. Write this poem from memory. 

2. Make two lists of the pronouns in this selec- 
tion — one of those that stand for the person speak- 
ing, and another of those that stand for persons 
spoken of. 

3. Write four statements to tell the main points 
in the story. 

96. PRONOUNS 

The words /, we, he, she, and they are to be used 
as subjects in a sentence. 
Example: "/found this knife." 



78 



PRONOUNS 



The words me, us, him, her, and them are to be 
used as objects in a sentence. 

Example : " Mother sent us to school." 

You and it may be either subject or object. 

Write sentences using you and it as subjects and 
then as objects. 

97. PRONOUNS 

Write five sentences using the five subject forms 
of pronouns in Lesson 96, and five using the five 
object forms. 

98. PICTURE STORY 

<: . I 




Write the story suggested by this picture. 



DICTATION EXERCISE 79 

99. DICTATION EXERCISE 
The Boy and the Jewel 

A boy while playing with some pebbles picked up a precious 
stone. He did not know that it was a precious stone, but his 
father noticed it. " Give me the stone, my boy," said he. The 
boy gave it to him and wondered what he would do with it. 

His father ground the stone and polished it till it flashed with 
the colors of a diamond. Then he said to his son, " See, my son, 
here is the pebble that you gave me." "Why, father," said the 
boy, "how in the world could you change it so?" The father 
answered, " I knew the hidden value of the jewel, and I ground 
away all the worthless matter surrounding it. You may learn from 
this that a boy will become a great and good man, if he will keep 
away from bad companions and drive away evil habits. Then his 
heart will be pure like this diamond." 

Copy this lesson, so that you can write any part 
of it from the teacher's dictation. 

100. POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS 

1. My apple is larger than yours. 

2. Our picture is older than theirs. 

The forms my, our, yours, and theirs in these two 
sentences show possession, or ownership. Notice 
that when these possessive forms do not stand before 
their nouns, they end in s. 

The forms used before nouns are my, our, your, 
her, their, and its. 

The forms that show possession but do not stand 



SO POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS 

before nouns are mine, ours, yours, hers, and theirs. 
Notice that no apostrophe is written before the ^ in 
such words. 

His and its (or its own) may stand with nouns 
or without them. 

Examples : This is my apple. 
This apple is mine. 
His slate is broken. 
The broken slate is his. 

i. Write statements using the six forms that stand 
before nouns. 

2. Write statements using the forms that do not 
stand before nouns. 

ioi. POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS 

i. Write statements using his and its own before 
their nouns, and then away from their nouns. 

2. Change the statements of i and 2 of Lesson 
100 into questions. 

Examples : I lost my book this morning. 

Did I lose my book this morning ? 
This picture is prettier than yours. 
Is this picture prettier than yours ? 

102. LETTER WRITING 

Copy carefully the following letter, noticing how 
the different parts are arranged and written : — 



UNFINISHED STORY 8 I 

UlayvLllb, Sol., junb 20, /c/03. 
?}%&. Sviiiij CicLam ) , 

(Ztlawta, Sa. 

hbais CCuTbtCb, — 

1/frb a/u> all vn tthb (MyUsTutrnj' 
fov ouv holiday. Vlamma ao&& out w-alkmva 
wttfv vrib bobiy day and &Jho-w>& rrub tkb 
fovbtty w-lld flo-w-oUh. 

/fcuuuy &ay& kb dob^n't &a>hb a/yuythi/yvcf 
about wild jlo-w&ub. Jib li£&& to joLant katl 
witfv tkb koy& of IflayoiLlb and to wat&k 
tkb mb^b w>v£ i/yu tkb fibtd&. 

J wiaJu you @xmtd ^(yyrub a^ui &tay w-ltfu 
^v& / kb&au&b wb kav-b &u&k aood ti / mb&. 
yjvitb froon. 

Vowis llttib VlLb&b, 

CClmb liyilllaryi^. 

103. UNFINISHED STORY 

What Gertie Found Out 

Gertie was a very vain girl. She liked to be dressed up in silk, 
and to have bright flowers on her hat, and she was fond of looking 
at herself in a mirror. " When I am grown up," she said one day, 
" I shall live in a city where there are no poor people. I don't 
see what use poor people are in the world anyway." Her father 
heard her and called her to him. 

LANG. LESS. — 6 



82 



STORY WRITING 



" My daughter," he said gently, " come with me down the street 
and see what the poor people who work hard do for us." . . . 

Write this story from memory, then finish it. 



104. STORY WRITING 
How Benjamin Franklin came to Philadelphia 

When Benjamin Franklin was a boy, he traveled from Boston 
to Philadelphia. He was a poor boy, having very little money in 
his pocket, and he had to begin and make his own way in life. 

When he reached Philadelphia, he was very tired and hungry. 
He went up the street to buy some bread. He asked for five 




cents' worth, and received three large puffy rolls. He began to 
eat one, and carried the others, one under each arm. In this 



PRONOUNS THAT ASK QUESTIONS 8$ 

manner he walked along the streets, and he looked so funny that 
the people stared and laughed at him. 

But Benjamin Franklin worked faithfully and studied hard and 
in course of time became the leading man in Philadelphia, and 
one of the wisest and most useful citizens in our country. 

Strange to say, the person who laughed loudest at him on the 
day when he passed with the rolls under his arms was the lady 
who later became his wife. 

Tell this story in your own words. Then write 
all you know about Benjamin Franklin. 



105. PRONOUNS THAT ASK QUESTIONS 

1. Who gave them such a right? 

2. What did they ask of you? 

3. Which will you give to me? 

In these sentences, the words who, what, and 
which are used to ask questions. They stand for 
the names of persons or things ; hence they also 
are pronouns. 

Notice that they require a question mark at the 
end of the sentence. 

There are five of these pronouns : who, whose, 
whom, what, and which. 

Who is used as subject, whose as a possessive 
word, and whom as object. What and which may 
be either subject or object. 

Additional examples are : — 



84 PRONOUNS THAT ASK QUESTIONS 

Examples : Whose house was on fire ? 
Whom did the lady call? 
These are mine; which is the best? 

Exercise. — Copy the following sentences, filling 
the blanks with the proper pronouns : — 



did you invite to your party? 

will come to our party? 

do you wish to be, a business man or a lawyer? 

will you give to the poor beggar? 

said, " Don't give up the ship " ? 

house is that over yonder? 



106. PRONOUNS THAT ASK QUESTIONS 

i. Write ten sentences so as to use twice each of 
the pronouns who, whose, whom, that, and which. 

2. Mention the other pronouns in the exercise, 
Lesson 105, and tell what each stands for. 

107. STORY WRITING 
The Piper of Hamelin 

Hamelin is a pretty little town in the north of Germany. The 
people there think there never was so pretty a town as theirs, and 
they are happy. But one time they were not happy, and this is 
how it all came about. 

The town was overrun with rats and mice. There were rats and 
mice in the meal, in the flour, in the sugar, in the clothes, — rats 
and mice everywhere. The peopie tried in every way to get rid 
of the pests, but they only grew worse. Finally the mayor said, 



STORY WRITING 



85 



" I will give all the gold a man can carry if he will rid us of the 
rats and mice." 




A man came and said he could get 
rid of them. The people cried, " Try it ! 
Go to work ! " The man drew out his 
pipe and began to play. Then little feet began 
to patter. Big rats, little rats, fat mice, lean 
mice, all followed him down the long street until he reached the 
river. In they all tumbled, and every one was drowned. 

Then the piper came to the mayor and said, " Now, sir, give 
me my gold, if you please." The mayor looked vexed and 
answered, " Why, you did nothing but play your pipes. I cannot 
pay so much for just a little music." " But," said the piper, " you 
promised it, and I have done my work." The mayor only laughed 
and answered, "The rats and mice can't come back and worry us, 
so you may be off without any money." "Very well," said the 
piper, " if I cannot get your money, I will have your children." 



86 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 

He stepped into the street and began to play. Little feet 
began to patter, and every boy and girl ran after the piper. He 
led them down the pretty street. The mothers all cried out, 
" He will drown you ! Come back, my children ! " But right on 
they went, until they came to the mountain. Then the great 
mountain opened. When they went in, it closed ; and not a child 
of them was ever seen again. 

i. Learn this story so that you can write it fully 
and correctly. 

2. Write three statements about the rats and 
mice ; three statements about what became of the 
rats and mice ; four quotations to tell what the 
mayor and the piper said to each other; three state- 
ments to tell what became of the children. 

108. QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 
The Sponge 

The sponge that you use to wash yourself with is the skele- 
ton of an animal. Sponges grow in the bottom of the ocean. 
They cling to mud or rocks, and are brought up by hooks let 
down from boats, or by men who dive into the deep water and cut 
them loose. 

Many divers carry only a stone to weight them down, and a 
net to hold the sponges. They cannot stay in the water more 
than two or three minutes. But those who wear a diver's suit can 
stay longer and find more sponges. 

Men sometimes grow sponges as they do plants. Some pieces 
of sponge are fastened to a board or a stone and let down into the 
water, with a weight attached to them to hold them in place. In 
a few years the little pieces grow to be large sponges. 

The sponges are beaten out,, cleaned, and dried before they are 
ready to be sold and used. 



CONJUNCTIONS 87 

i. Write five questions about sponges, using the 
questioning pronouns learned in Lesson 105. 

2. Write five statements answering these ques- 
tions, and underline the word for which each ques- 
tioning pronoun stands. 

Examples : Who gathers sponges ? 

The diver gathers sponges ? 



109. CONJUNCTIONS 

1. Harry and Alfred will show us the way. 

2. Harry or Alfred will show us the way. 

3. Neither Harry nor Alfred has returned. 

In sentence 1, the words Haj'ry and Alfred are 
connected by and ; both words are used as subjects. 
In sentence 2, the same words are connected by 
or, and are also used as subjects. And and or are 
conjunctions. 

Conjunctions are words used to join other words 
together. 

Some of the commonest conjunctions are, and, 
but, or, nor, and therefore. Some connect in pairs : 
either . . . or and neither . . . nor. 

Exercise. — Find the conjunctions in the follow- 
ing sentences, and tell what each connects : — 

1. Winter and summer both have their pleasures. 

2. His father said good-by, and left. 



88 



PICTURE STORY 



3. Neither the horse nor his rider heard us. 

4. I wish a coat, either brown or black. 

5. Father's watch is very old, but good. 

- 6. The little girl and her mother dusted the furniture and 
rubbed it clean. 

7. You or he must take the dog home. 

8. Some old but useful books are on the shelves. 

no. PICTURE STORY 




Write the story suggested by this picture. 



in. STATEMENTS 

The Coffee Plant 

Coffee grows on a small tree in the south of Asia, the east of 

Africa, and Brazil. It comes from a little red berry the size of a 

cherry. Each berry contains two seeds with flat sides closely 



I NFINISHED SIOKV 89 

united. When the berry is ripe, the pulp is dried and taken away 
and the two seeds, or beans, as they are called, are separated. 
The coffee beans are then dried and packed in boxes or bags to 
be sold. 

When the beans are first bought, they are of a greenish color. 
But they must be roasted and ground before they are ready for 
use. 

Coffee is very useful for soldiers in war, for it keeps up their 
strength. Also when explorers go to the xerotic Ocean, they always 
take coffee to help them stand the fearful cold and sufferings of 
the journey. 

1. The conjunction and is used six times in this 
selection : what does it connect in each instance ? 

2. Write two statements upon each of these 
topics : where coffee grows ; how it is prepared for 
market ; how coffee is useful to grown people. 

112. UNFINISHED STORY 
The Wonderful Fiddler 

A man went off with his wife to visit a country far away. Ten 
years passed and the pair did not return, so their property was 
divided among the relatives. But just at Easter the man came 
back without his wife, and demanded his property. 

His relatives said, " Let us take him before the judge and say 
that he has killed his wife. Then we can keep his property." 
They did this, and the judge said the man must die. 

The poor man asked the hangman to let him take his fiddle 
up on the gallows and play to the vast crowd. This was allowed, 
and he began to play with much feeling. 

Write this from memory, then finish the story. 



90 



STORY WRITING 



113. STORY WRITING 




The Ostrich 

What is an ostrich farm ? Describe the ostrich. 
Where does it live? Are any ostriches raised in 
the United States? For what are they useful? 
What will they eat? 

Write the story of the man who lost his watch. 
Tell his name; where he lived; where he went; 
who went with him ; how the ostrich got the watch ; 
how the lady was surprised ; whether the ostrich 
was killed so that the watch might be restored to 
the owner. 



LETTER WRITING 9 1 

114. LETTER WRITING 

Mayyille, Ga., July 3, 1903. 
Master Frank Adams, 

Atlanta, Ga. 
Dear Frank : — 

Alice wrote a letter to Aunt Emily two weeks ago, but I have 
been too busy to write. 

You ought to be here. Yesterday my dog caught a little rab- 
bit. I took it away from him before he could hurt it much, and 
I am going to keep it. 

Sometimes the men working in the fields let me carry water to 
them. They get very thirsty when they work in the hot sun. Tell 
Will Jackson not to forget about those marbles. 

Your cousin, 

Harry Williams. 
Copy this letter carefully. 

115. CONJUNCTIONS 

1. Write five sentences, each having two subjects 
connected by and. 

2. Write five sentences, each having two objects 

connected bv and. 

j 

116. CONJUNCTIONS 

i. Write three sentences having nouns connected 
by either . . . or. 

2. Write three sentences having nouns connected 
by neither . . . nor. 

3. Write two sentences having adjectives con 
nected by either . . . or, and two sentences having 
adjectives connected by neither . . . nor. 



92 



LETTER WRITING 



117. LETTER WRITING 
The Tea Plant 

The tea plant is an evergreen shrub, which grows nearly to the 
height of a man. It is cultivated mostly in China. 

The leaves are clipped off when they are tender and small. 
They are then dried and colored, and shipped all over the world. 
When you drink tea, remember that it has traveled thousands of 

miles. 

Sometimes the tea leaves are packed when they are moist, and 
pressed into bricks. Sometimes the Chinese cook these leaves 
with milk, salt, and butter, and eat them as a vegetable. 

In China and Japan the tea cup is always brought out for visi- 
tors. All sit on the floor, while the pretty little cups are passed 
around. No sugar or cream is used. It would not be polite for 
the Chinese or Japanese to receive visitors without offering tea, 
and it would not be polite for a visitor to refuse to drink it. 




Learn the facts in this lesson. Then write a let- 
ter to your teacher, making statements upon these 



DICTATION EXERCISE 93 

topics : where tea grows ; how the leaves are pre- 
pared ; tea bricks ; serving tea in China and Japan. 

118. DICTATION EXERCISE 
Making Good Weather 

A certain man was very rich, but he was never satisfied. He 
had houses and vineyards, hogs and sheep, horses and cows. He 
had a good wife and good children ; still he grumbled. If it was 
cool, he said, "This weather is not good for my grapes." If it 
rained, he said, "This is too damp. It rains too much." 

One day an angel came to him and asked, " Do you think you 
can make better weather " "Why, yes," said the man, "of 
course I can." " Very well, then," said the angel, "next year you 
may make your own weather." 

So the man had snow, then hail and rain and sunshine. His 
grapes grew in great, fine clusters. "Now," he exclaimed, "let 
us taste these fine grapes ! " But they were as sour as vinegar. 

The angel came to him again and asked, " How are your grapes 
now that you have made the weather?" "Very poor," was the 
answer ; "they are sour as vinegar." Then the angel said : "You 
had snow and hail and rain and sunshine, but you forgot all about 
the wind ! " 

Copy this selection, so that you can write any 
part of it from dictation. 

119. STATEMENTS 

The Lion 

The lion is called the king of beasts. He lives in Asia and 
Africa. He is of a yellowish color. The male is much larger than 
the female. The male lion has a very large head, covered down 



94 



ADVERBS 



to the shoulders with a heavy mane. His paws are very large, and 
fearfully strong. One blow will kill a man or a large animal. 




Like the tiger, the lion hunts mostly at night. When not 
hungry, the lion can be driven away like a dog, by flinging stones 
at him. But when hungry, he is a terrible creature. His eyes 
glare, and he begins to lash his sides with his long tail. Then no 
man or beast is safe in his presence. It is a remarkable sight to 
see several lions quarreling over an animal one has killed. 

The lion has wonderful strength, for he can carry a cow to his 
den with ease. 

Write ten statements about the lion, using in each 
statement a noun, an adjective, and a verb. Draw 
one line under each noun, two under each adjective, 
and one line over each verb. 



Example : The lion hunts large beasts. 



1 20. ADVERBS 

1. Ella found a young bird yesterday. 

2. The porter left the package there. 

3. The men walk heavily over the floor. 



ADVERBS 95 

In sentence I, the statement, " Ella found a young 
bird," would not be complete. We should know 
that the act happened some time, but when the word 
yesterday is put in, it limits or modifies the verb 
found. It tells when. 

In sentence 2, there modifies the verb left, and tells 
where. In sentence 3, heavily modifies the verb 
walk, and tells how. All such words are called 
adverbs. 

Adverbs modify verbs and tell when, where, or how ; 
that is, they express time, place, or manner. 

Some adverbs of time are : now, to-day, lately, soon, 
to-morrow, yesterday. 

Some adverbs of place are : here, there, near, yon- 
der, everywhere. 

Some adverbs of manner are : well, badly, smoothly, 
gracefully, easily, and many others ending in ly. 

Exercise. — Copy the following sentences, fill 
each blank with an .adverb, and tell which kind 
it is : — 

1. A laborer should be paid for his work. 

2. I visited , but I cannot go . 

3. He searched the house, but found no money . 

4. The leaves were falling and . 

5 . Work , for you may not be able. . 

6. Somebody has been and taken my cap. 

7. I have behaved all this week. 

8. He ran and picked up the purse. 



9 6 



STORY WRITING 



121. STORY WRITING 
Andrew Jackson 

Andrew Jackson is often 





called "Old Hickory," be- 
cause he was so firm, and 
endured so many hardships 
with his soldiers. 

When the state of Ten- 
nessee was almost a wilder- 
1§ ness, Andrew Jackson moved 
to Nashville. He fought many 
battles with the Indians, and 
always conquered them. Dur- 
ing the second war with Eng- 
land, Jackson was General, 
and he defeated the English 
in the great battle of New 
Orleans. He was afterward 
President of the United States for eight years. He was a plain 
man, of stern manner, but very popular with the people. 

He began life a very poor boy, but he became a great and 
famous mln. Many a boy can do the same, if he has a good 
character, — is brave and true, and persevering. 

Recite this, then in writing tell all you can about 
Andrew r Jackson. 

122. ADVERBS 

i. Write sentences using all the adverbs of time 
and place mentioned in Lesson 1 20. 

2. Write ten sentences using ten different ad- 
verbs of manner. 



PICTURE STORY 



97 



123. PICTURE STORY 




Write the story suggested by this picture. 



124. PARTS OF SPEECH 
The Camel 

The camel is called "the ship of the desert." It is a good 
name, for the people who live near the great deserts could hardly 
cross them without camels. A great deal of trade is carried on 
between countries on the opposite sides of the desert, so that the 
people constantly have to go back and forth. 

The camel is a very awkward looking creature, but he is especially 
fitted for his work. He will patiently carry heavy burdens all day long 
through the scorching sun, then on the next day toil as patiently 
as before. His soft, broad feet are just the kind for the deep sand 
of the desert. He can work with very little food. His stomach 
is so formed that he can go a long time without having to drink 

LANG. LESS. J 



9 8 



LETTER WRITING 



water. Consequently, when now and then the caravan, or train 

of camels, comes to 
an oasis to rest, the 
camels are in no 
danger of dying be- 
cause of heat and 
thirst. The travelers 
lie down to rest under 
the cool palm trees, 
eat a handful of dried 
dates, and drink of 
the clear spring be- 
fore resuming the 
And the camels, after refreshing themselves, are ready 

again for many days of travel. 

Exercise. — Copy the following words, taken from 
the above selection, and write after each whether it 
is a noun, pronoun, adjective, verb, adverb, or con- 
junction : — 




journey. 



ship 


but 


broad 


caravan 


them 


patiently 


and 


lie 


could cross 


it 


comes 


clear 


camel 


will carry 


oasis 


spring 


constantly 


heavy 


cool 


its 



125. LETTER WRITING 

Atlanta, Ga., July 8, 1903. 
Master Harry Williams, 

Mayville, Ga. 
Dear Harry : — 

I, am glad you are having such a pleasant time in the country. 
I am having a good time, too. On the Fourth of July, Papa and 



QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 



99 



Mamma took me out on an excursion. We went down to the 
coast, and I went sailing in a boat. 

I was at your house the other day, and the grass had grown up 
high, all over the front yard. Will Jackson asks me to tell you 
that he will trade you his rubber ball for those marbles. 
Write to me again soon. 

Your cousin, 

Frank Adams. 

i. Copy this letter carefully. 

2. Write a letter to a friend, telling him the facts 
about the camel. 



126. QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 
Cork and Rubber 

Cork is really the bark of a tree. The soft inner bark of the 
cork oak is removed year after year until that which remains 
becomes so smooth and soft as to be fit for the many uses 
which people have for it. Cork oaks grow in Spain, Portugal, 
France, and Italy. Some 
of them live as long as 
one hundred and fifty 
years. Cork is used for 
bottle stoppers, for life 
preservers, for shoe 
soles, hat linings, for 
artificial arms and legs 
and for many other 
things. 

India rubber is made 
from the sap of a tree. 
The tree is cut, and the 
white sap is caught in 
flat cups. Then it is poured over clay on the end of a board, and 




IOO KINDS OF ADJECTIVES 

heated over a slow fire of palm nuts. This makes the rubber dark 
in color. It is then sent to the factory, and made into hundreds 
of articles. Babies' rattles are made of rubber ; also balls, combs, 
overshoes, gossamers, and many other articles. Even beds, pillows, 
and bottles are now made of rubber. 

i. Write five statements, each of which has the 
word cork as subject. 

2. Use the pronoun what to ask five questions 
about rubber. Write the answers, and underline 
each word for which the pronoun stands. 

Example : From what is rubber made ? 

Rubber is made from the sap of a tree. 

127. KINDS OF ADJECTIVES 

We have already found a large number of adjec- 
tives that tell what kind, or describe. 

Examples : The poor boy has a ragged coat. 

Our new house contains beautiful rooms. 

Exercise. — /;/ the following sentences, point out 
the adjectives that describe: — 

1. A friendly man gave me a big apple. 

2. The gruff man scolded a little boy. 

3. Busy hands can do great things. 

4. Give him the nicest oranges. 

5. A lazy horse needs a keen whip. 

6. We spent happy days together. 

Write six sentences, each containing one or more 
adjectives that describe. 



KINDS OF ADJECTIVES IOI 

128. KINDS OF ADJECTIVES 

Two other kinds of adjectives will be found in 
the following sentences : — 

1. Five buds were counted on this rose bush. 

2. Surely that man was ill four weeks. 

The words five and four are called adjectives of 
number. 

The words this and that are used to point out 
something : this is used to speak of something 
close to the speaker, and that to speak of some- 
thing away from the speaker. In speaking of more 
than one thing near by, we say these, as these rose 
bushes ; in speaking of more than one thing away 
from the speaker, w r e say those, as those men. Such 
words are called adjectives that point out. 

Exercise. — /// the following sentences, mention 
the adjectives that number and those that point 
out ; also tell what each modifies: — 

1. This country formerly had only thirteen states. 

2. Those states were along the Atlantic coast. 

3. Mary paid fifty cents for this book. 

4. We have twelve marbles in that ring. 

5. He wrote these sentences in thirty minutes. 

Write two sentences, each to show the use of this, 
these, that, and those. 

Write six sentences, each having an adjective of 
number and one that describes. 



102 



LETTER WRITING 



129. LETTER WRITING 
The Kangaroo 
The kangaroo, which lives in the island of Australia, is one of 

the strangest animals known to man. His height is about four 

feet when he stands up. 
The upper part of his body 
is slender, and his head 
and ears are somewhat like 
those of a rabbit. His hind 
legs are very long and 
heavy, and his tail is so 
thick that the animal uses 
it to balance with when he 
is sitting or jumping. 

The mother kangaroo 
has an odd cradle. In the 
front of her body is a loose 
pouch of skin, and in this 
she can carry the young 
kangaroos. They run 

around and play until they are frightened. Then they run to the 

mother, and she hides them. 

When the kangaroo is trying to. escape from the hunter, he goes 

in great leaps. He leaps with his hind legs, swinging his front 

legs and using his heavy tail for balancing. He can leap a great 

distance, sometimes thirty feet at a jump. 

The kangaroo is usually timid, but is dangerous in fight. He 

sometimes runs to the water and ducks the dogs until they drown. 

At other times he tears his enemies with the terrible claws on his 

hind feet. 

Write a letter dated at some town in Australia, 




.?* _^ 'Wmm 



giving the facts about the 



kangaroo. 



UNFINISHED STORY 



103 



130. UNFINISHED STORY 
How a Clock saved the City 
In the old city of Basle there is, up on a high tower, a clock 
that for several hundred years has been an hour too fast. When 
it is ten o'clock, the old clock points to eleven o'clock. The 
hands are never moved back, because the big clock once saved 
the city. An army surrounded the city, and a traitor said he 
would open the gates to the enemy when the clock struck twelve 
one night. The old watchman heard of this promise, and deter- 
mined to prevent the surrender. . . . 

Finish the story. 

131. DESCRIPTION 
The Elephant 




Describe the elephant. Where does he live ? 
Why is he a valuable animal ? Can he be tamed ? 



104 REVIEW 

Write an account of a tiger hunt in which 
elephants were used. 

132. REVIEW 

Exercise. — Find the pronouns, adverbs, and con- 
junctions in the following sentences : — 

1. Alice looked up, and saw her sister coming toward her, 
slowly and sadly. The child ran to meet her, and threw her arms 
about her neck and kissed her. They were friends again ; and as 
they walked toward the Fairy Pool they saw the little lady 
standing near it. 

2. While we were in the midst of our enjoyment little Arthur 
cried out, with a look of alarm in his big eyes. 

3. The enemy were so frightened when they saw me that they 
leaped out of their ships. 

4. Their manner of writing is peculiar, being neither from 
right to left nor from left to right. 

5. He looked anxiously in the same direction, and perceived 
a strange figure slowly toiling up the rocks. 

133. UNFINISHED STORY 

Was He an Honest Boy ? 

Harold Allen was going down the street and wishing for some- 
thing to do. It was not warm enough to go swimming. There 
was no wind for his kite. He had lost his best marbles. All at 
once Mr. Soldi, who kept the fruit stand, called him. " If you will 
watch my fruit stand a few minutes, I will give you a fine orange," 
he said. Harold was glad to do this, and took charge. In a few 
moments some naughty boys came up. . . . 

Finish the story. 



LETTER WRITING I Of 

134. LETTER WRITING 

Exercise. — Copy the following notes carefully. — 

Miss Nettie Green, 

56 High Street, Boston. 

Dear Nettie : — 

Can you come to my party to-morrow at four o'clock? 1 
shall be ten years old, and mamma says we may do anything we 

please. Be sure to come. 

Your friend, 

Mabel Wilson. 

108 Broad Street, April io, 1904. 

Miss Mabel Wilson, 

108 Broad Street, Boston. 

Dear Mabel : — 

Of course I will come to your party. I know we shall have a 
good time, for your mother always treats all the girls so nicely. 

Your true friend, 

Nettie Green. 

56 High Street, April 10, 1904. 

135. DICTATION EXERCISE 
The Ruined Castle 

On a high hill in Germany stand the ruins of what was once a 
great and strong castle. An old knight had built it so that he 
could spend the rest of his days in quiet. Here he could look 
down into the peaceful valley and out upon the blue water of two 
rivers. A winding road led up to the castle from the valley below. 

When the castle was finished, he invited his sons and his 
friends to rejoice with him. When his sons looked around the 
country from the high castle, they said : " What a fine castle for a 
brave knight to hold ! He can see ships and wagons go by full 



106 ANALYSIS OF SENTENCES 

of goods. Then he can rush out after them and bring the spoils 
to the castle, and no one can take the goods away from him. 1 ' 

The old knight, in fierce anger, called the people from the 
valley and said : " This castle shall never be a nest of robbers. 
Tear it down, every wall ! " And that is why it stands now in ruins. 

Copy this selection so that you can write any 
part of it from dictation. 

136. ANALYSIS OF SENTENCES 

Analysis is the process of separating a sentence 
into its parts. 

For example, in the sentence, " Hunters kill 
bears," we analyze as follows : — 

Who kill bears ? Hunters : because the word 
hunters tells that of which something is said, it is 
the subject. 

What word tells something about hunters ? Kill: 
because kill states something about the subject, it 
is the predicate. 

Hunters kill what? Bears: since the word bears 
tells what hunters do something to, it is the object. 

Exercise. — Analyze the following sentences so 
as to give the subject, the predicate, and the direct 
object: — 



1. The driver brought some coal. 

2. Night brings pleasant dreams. 

3. Steamships carry heavy loads. 

4. Boys wear caps and hats. 

5. The wagons moved our goods. 

6. The blacksmith hammers the iron. 



ANALYSIS OF SENTENCES IO7 

137. ANALYSIS OF SENTENCES 

When the subject is a noun, it is often modified 
by an adjective. The predicate is often modified by 
an adverb, telling when, where, or how. 

The timid rabbit ran rapidly. 

In analyzing this sentence, find the subject and 
predicate as before. The word timid tells what 
kind of rabbit : it is an adjective modifying the 
subject. The word rapidly tells how the rabbit 
ran : it is an adverb modifying the predicate. 

Exercise. — Analyze the follozving sentences so 
as to find the subject, the predicate, and the modifiers 
of each : — 

1. A heavy snow fell yesterday. 

2. The lonely dog howled dismally. 

3. A large tree suddenly fell. 

4. A poor man lives yonder. 

5. Rich people formerly lived there. 

6. Quickly comes a sunbeam bright. 

138. ANALYSIS OF SENTENCES 

A longer sentence may now be analyzed so as to 
give all its parts. 

The general moved his troops there quickly. 

The general is the subject. Moved his troops 
there quickly is the predicate. The predicate con- 
sists of the verb moved and its object troops. The 



108 MEMORY EXERCISE 

object is modified by the pronoun his, and the verb 
is modified by the abverbs there and quickly. 

Exercise. — Analyze the following sentences : — 

i . My little dog ran away immediately. 

2. The girls wear clean white aprons. 

3. A careless little boy lost his new ball. 

4. Who has seen my old pony to-day? 

5. Harry and Joe caught some fish yesterday. 

6. A wise boy hears and follows advice. 

7. Who brought that bundle here yesterday? 

8. The large but green apples covered the ground. 

139. MEMORY EXERCISE 
The Will and the Way 

There's something I'd have you remember, boys, 

To help in the battle of life ; 
It will give you strength in the time of need 

And help in the hour of strife. 
Whenever there's something that should be done, 

Don't be a coward, and say, 
"What use to try?" Remember, then, 

That " where there's a will there's a way." 

There's many a failure for those who win, 

But though at first they fail, 
They try again, and the earnest ones 

Are sure at last to prevail. 
Though the mountain is steep and hard to climb, 

You can win the heights, I say, 
If you make up your mind to reach the top, 

For " where there's a will there's a wav." 



PICTURE STORY 109 

The men who stand at the top are those 

Who never could bear defeat ; 
Their failures only made them strong 

For the work they had to meet. 
The will to do and the will to dare 

Is what we want to-day ; 
AYhat has been done can be done again, 

For the will finds out the way. 

i. Commit this poem to memory. 

2. Copy the contractions in these lines, and write 
the word for which each stands. 

3. Copy a statement, a question, and a command 
from this poem. 

4. Write a composition about a boy or a girl who 

had to fight against misfortune, but who had a will 

and won. 

140. PICTURE STORY 




Write the story suggested by this picture. 



IIO UNFIX I SI I ED STORY 

141. UNFINISHED STORY 
The Lump of Gold 

A poor charcoal burner found a large lump of pure gold one 
day while he was digging in the forest. He threw down his shovel 
and began to think of palaces and carriages and jewels. That 
night he could not sleep for thinking of his treasure. The next 
day a man came running into his hut in great fear, and said, 
" Save me ! I am the king. My army is scattered, and I have 
escaped from my enemies. Nothing is left to me now." 

The charcoal burner thought of his lump of gold. . . . 

Finish the story. 

142. REVIEW 

What is a pronoun ? For what are pronouns use- 
ful ? What are the two kinds we have studied ? 

Mention the pronouns that stand for the speaker, 
and for the speaker with others ; those that stand for 
persons spoken to; those that stand for persons or 
things spoken of. 

Mention the forms used as subject ; those used as 
object ; those used to show possession. 

143. REVIEW 

1. Write six sentences having pronouns used as 
subjects and nouns as objects. 

Example : He had bought a new sled. 

2. Write six sentences containing possessive 
forms of pronouns. 



REVIEW I I I 

144. REVIEW 

Mention the five pronouns used to ask questions. 
Which of them are used as subjects ? Which ones 
are used as objects ? Which one shows possession? 

What is a conjunction ? Mention fivt words used 
as conjunctions. Mention two pairs of words used 
as conjunctions. 

What is an adverb ? Mention five adverbs of 
time; five of place; five of manner. 

Write six simple sentences, each having a ques- 
tioning pronoun as subject, and an adverb modify- 
ing the predicate. 

Example : Who called me so roughly ? 

145. REVIEW 

What is a quotation ? When are quotation marks 
to be used? How are they made? What is an 
exclamation? How do you mark an exclamation? 

What three kinds of adjectives have we studied ? 
Mention four words of each kind. 

Mention five possessive pronouns that stand be- 
fore nouns, and five that stand apart from their 
nouns. 

What is analysis ? What parts of the sentence 
can you mention that are found by analysis ? 

146. REVIEW 

1. Write five sentences in which the subject 
noun is modified by a possessive pronoun. 



112 UNFINISHED STORY 

2. Write six sentences as follows : two in which the 
subject is modified by adjectives that describe ; two 
in which the subject is modified by adjectives of 
number ; two in which the subject is modified by 
adjectives that point out. 

147. UNFINISHED STORY 
Robert and the Parade 

Little Robert Allen, four years old, was playing in front of his 
father's house in a large city. A circus parade came along, and 
Robert thought it so pretty that he made up his mind to follow it. 
Up one street and down another he went, until he began to be 
afraid. Everything looked strange, and he began to cry. . . . 

Finish the story. 

148. LETTER WRITING 

Write a letter to a friend, and tell him (or her) 
about the house you live in. 

Hints : What street or road it is on ; how large 
the yard or lawn is ; how many stories high the 
house is; whether it is a brick or a frame house; 
how old it is ; how many rooms there are in it. 
Describe your room, where it is, and what furniture 
and toys you keep in it. 

149. NUMBER OF NOUNS 

A noun that names one thing is said to be in the 
singular number. One that names more than one 
thing is said to be in the plural number. 



NUMBER OF NOUNS 113 

The plural of a noun is usually formed by adding 
s to the singular; as, apple — apples; desk — desks. 

Some nouns that end in x, ck, sh, ss, and 2, add es ; 
for example: box — boxes; church — churches; dish 
— dishes ; class — classes ; topaz — topazes. 

Exercise. — Write the following words from dic- 
tation, then write their plurals ; — 

fox latch mass lash 

ax patch glass wish 

150. NUMBER OF NOUNS 

Some nouns that end infoi'fe change/" to v and 
add es ; as, knife — knives ; thief — thieves. 

Nouns ending in y preceded by a consonant 
change y to i and add es ; as, lady — ladies. (If the 
y is preceded by a vowel, only s is added ; as, tur- 
key — turkeys.) 

A few are irregular: man — men; woman — 
women ; child — children ; ox — oxen ; tooth — teeth ; 
foot — feet ; mouse — mice ; goose — geese. 

1. Write the following words from dictation, then 
write their plurals : sheaf, calf half, leaf, loaf. 

2. Write the following words from dictation, then 
write their plurals : monkey, butterfly, army, valley, 
enemy. 

3. Write the following words from dictation, then 
write their plurals : gentleman, child, tooth, ox, mouse. 

LANG. LESS. — 8 



thief 


ox 


church 


fish 


box 


woman 


shelf 


table 


goose 


tooth 



1 14 REVIEW 

151. REVIEW 

Exercise. — Study the following nouns ttntil you 
can write their plurals : — 

house knife 

lady mouse 

man child 

baby tooth 

chimney fancy 

152. CHANGING POETRY TO PROSE 

Read carefully again the poem in Lesson 139, 
then without using the book write it in your own 
words. 

153. WRITING A CONTRAST 
The Dog and the Wolf 

In order to write a contrast between two objects, 
we speak of each with respect to separate points, 
so as to show the difference between them. 

For example, contrast the dog and the wolf: The 
wolf lives in the woods, the dog lives with men. 
The wolf will attack man, the clog is the friend of 
man. The wolf is seldom found, the dog is in all 
parts of the world, etc. 

The Horse and the Cow 

Using the following hints, write a contrast be- 
tween the horse and the cow : — 

Tell which is taller; which is heavier; which is 
more slender; whether their legs are equally thick; 
which has the longer neck ; which has the thicker 



POSSESSIVE CASK OF NOUNS 115 

neck ; which has a mane ; which lias horns, and how 
these grow ; shape of head and ears ; the way they 
chew ; which chews the cud ; difference in hoofs 
and in tails. 

154. POSSESSIVE CASE OF NOUNS 

The form of a noun used to show possession is 
called the possessive case. The possessive form 
of a singular noun is made by adding the apos- 
trophe and s ('s) ; as, " Williams pony;" "the dogs 
teeth." 

The possessive word is always a modifier, and 
belongs to another noun. 

Exercise i: — In the following sentences, point out 
the possessive nouns, and tell what each modifies : — 

1. The lady's ring was stolen. 

2. The bee's wings were humming. 

3. Did you see Henry's pony? 

4. Water covers much of the earth's surface. 

5. I went to the bookkeeper's desk. 

6. Put Fannie's pen upon the table. 

Exercise 2. — Write sentences using the possessive 

singular form of the following nouns : — 

father boy Albert kitten 

mother girl Sarah fox 

155. POSSESSIVE PLURAL OF NOUNS 

The possessive plural of nouns is formed in the 
same way as the singular if the plural does not end 



Il6 MEMORY EXERCISE 

in s; as, children s shoes. If the plural ends in s, 
only the apostrophe is added ; as, boys hats ; ladies 
cloaks. 

Exercise i. — Write sentences using the possessive 
plural of the following nouns : — 

man lady thief teacher prince driver 

The apostrophe is not to be added to any word 
unless the word is really a modifier. In the sen- 
tence, " The ladies were buying cloaks," the word 
ladies is the subject and has no apostrophe ; but 
in the sentence, " We have ladies cloaks for sale," 
ladies is possessive. 

Exercise 2. — In the following sentences write 
all the possessive words correctly : — 

1. The monkeys cap had a feather in it. 

2. We saw some monkeys in a cage. 

3. Two girls were standing by the window. 

4. In the window were girls hats. 

5. The pupils were just out of school. 

6. Are the pupils desks neat? 

156. MEMORY EXERCISE 

The Arrow and the Song 

I shot an arrow into the air, 
It fell to earth, I knew not where ; 
For so swiftly it flew, the sight 
Could not follow it in its flight. 



DICTATION EXERCISE I I 7 

I breathed a song into the air, 
It fell to earth, I knew not where ; 
For who has sight so keen and strong 
That it can follow the flight of song ? 

Long, long afterward, in an oak, 
I found the arrow still unbroke ; 
And the song, from beginning to end, 
I found again in the heart of a friend. 

i. Write this poem from memory. 

2. Make a list of six adverbs in these lines, 
writing opposite each the word it modifies. 

3. Make a list of the pronouns in the lines, writ- 
ing opposite each the word for which it stands. 

157. DICTATION EXERCISE 
The Arrow and the Song 

Copy the poem in Lesson 156. Then write it 
when it is read to you by the teacher. 

158. LETTER WRITING 

Write a letter to a friend and invite him (or her) 
to visit you. 

Hints : Tell when you want him or her to come ; 
whether on the train, and, if so, at what time you 
will be there to meet it ; what you intend to do 
in order to entertain your friend. Mention some 
friends that will be pleasant company for the visitor, 
and state why. 



u8 



A CONTRAST 



159. A CONTRAST 
The Rabbit and the Squirrel 

Hints: Compare the size; shape of body; heads; 
ears ; teeth ; legs ; tails. 

Habits — which lives in trees; which in burrows, 
or dens ; what each eats ; can both climb ? can both 
be tamed ? 

160. POSSESSIVE OF NOUNS 

The possessive form means the same as a phrase 
consisting of for or of and the simple form of the 
noun ; as, " the house of Mr. Jackson " — " Mr. 
Jackson's house." 

Exercise i. — Rewrite the following expressions, 
using the possessive instead of the phrase : — 
Clothing for men for sale here. 



The hats of those boys are on the rack. 
Absalom, the son of David, was killed. 
The singing of Patti excited the people. 
The house of my cousin was burned. 
Hats for ladies at a very low price. 



Exercise 2. — Rewrite the following expressions, 
using the phrase instead of the possessive : — 

1. America's foreign trade is very great. 

2. A large stock of children 's suits. 

3. Kipling's stories are very popular. 

4. Yesterday Mr. Foster's store was crowded. 

5. We played with your neighbors' children. 

6. Washington' s example should be followed. 



PICTURE STORY 



119 



161. PICTURE STORY 









What kind of animal is near the cat in the 
pictures? Tell where it lives; its habits; what it 
eats ; its size ; whether it is good to eat ; whether 
you ever saw or caught any. Then write the story 
suggested by the picture. 

162. CHANGING POETRY TO PROSE 

Read again the poem in Lesson 156. Then close 
the book and write the story from memory in your 
own words. 



120 



WRITING SENTENCES 



163. WRITING SENTENCES 
Facts about Silk 

We have learned that spiders make a kind of silk. Their webs 
are really of silk, but the silk that is sold for thread and for 
dresses is all made by the silkworm, which feeds on mulberry 
leaves. 

The silkworm is two or three inches long, and is not a pretty thing 
to look at. When it is full grown, the worm begins to spin a silk 

cocoon all around itself. It 
spins some four thousand 
yards of very small threads 
in six or eight days. If left 
to itself the silk worm lies 
for about three weeks in the 
cocoon, then pierces a hole 
through one end and crawls 
out — a full-grown moth. 

But if the cocoons are 
to be manufactured into 
silk, the little animals are 
killed by being smothered 
in hot air, to prevent the piercing of the cocoon by the moth, 
which makes it unfit for reeling. 

The silk is taken out of the cocoon, carefully reeled into 
threads and then made into cloth. The little silkworm causes a 
large part of the world's trade, as you will understand when you 
think of the many things that are made of silk. 

China and Japan furnish much of the silk used in the world. 
For hundreds of years the Chinese would not let other nations 
know how silk was produced ; but once two monks from Europe 
went to China and brought back some silkworms in a hollow cane. 
This was the beginning of the silk industry in Europe. 




LETTER WRITING 121 

i. Write six sentences using the word silk as the 
subject of each. 

2. From this selection make lists as follows : five 
common nouns ; three proper nouns ; two adjectives 
of each kind ; four pronouns. 

164. LETTER WRITING 

Write a letter accepting the invitation in Les- 
son 158. 

Hints : Tell why it will please you to make the 
visit ; when you will start, how you will travel, and 
when you will arrive ; w T hat you have been doing 
since you last heard from your friend. 

165. PARAGRAPH AND OUTLINE 

If w r e examine one of the preceding stories, as, for 
example, Lesson 135, w^e shall find that it is in 
several divisions. Each division is called a para- 
graph, and it treats of one topic. 

An outline is made by arranging the topics in 
regular order and numbering them. For example, 
the outline made from Lesson 135 is: — 

I. Where the castle was built. 
II. What the sons of the knight said. 
III. What the old knight said and did. 

Copy the title, and make an outline of Lessons 
55, 73, and 107. 



122 UNFINISHED STORY 

1 66. UNFINISHED STORY 

The Faithful Dog 

A dog followed his master to the war. He slept in front 
of his tent at night, and would not allow any one to come near. 
In the battle that was fought, his master was wounded. The dog 
whined, tried to make his master get up, and finally lay down 
beside the wounded man. . . . 

Finish the story. 

167. PHRASES 

1. The army moved across the river. 

2. Their work after the holidays was hard. 

In sentence 1, the verb moved is modified by an 
expression telling where : the army moved where ? 
across the river. 

In sentence 2, the expression after the holidays 
modifies the noun work, and tells what work. 

The expressions across the river and after the 
holidays are called phrases. 

A phrase is a group of words having no subject 
or predicate, but used as a modifier. 

Exercise. — Point oat the phrases in the fol- 
lowing sentences, and tell what each modifies : — 

1. All the grain was pounded with a pestle. 

2. A murmur was heard among the branches. 

3. The mill by the railroad is burning. 

4. The child ran away before breakfast. 

5. She wandered into the dark woods. 

6. The road from the village is very rough. 



PREPOSITIONS 123 

7. The leaves upon the trees are falling. 

8. The lion gazed around him very angrily. 

Write six sentences having phrases introduced by 
the words from, into, over, across, through, during. 
Draw a line under each phrase and two under the 
word modified by the phrase. 

168. PREPOSITIONS 

1. The army moved across the river. 

2. Their work after the holidays was hard. 

By examining these sentences again, we find that 
across introduces the phrase across the river and 
shows the relation between moved and river ; also, 
that after introduces the phrase after the holidays 
and shows the relation between work and holidays. 
Words so used are called prepositions. 

A preposition is a word that introduces a phrase 
modifier and shows the relation between its object 
and the word modified. 

Exercise. — Copy the following sentences and fill 
each blank with a preposition : — 

1. The boy often strolled the woods. 

2. The little girls are playing their dolls. 

3. Henry gave a dollar the book. 

4. The guide pointed the narrow road. 

5. The road led two steep hills. 

6. The merchant arrived there night. 

7. Old Fido carried a bone the house. 



24 



LETTER WRITING 



8. The house the river is made 

9. The child tripped a stone — 



— brick, 
the road. 



Point out the prepositions in the Exercise of Les- 
son 167; also mention the words between which 
each preposition shows relation. 



169. LETTER WRITING 

Facts about Cotton 

It is a common saying in the South that " Cotton is King." 
And when one considers how useful this plant is, the statement 
seems true enough. 

Cotton grows plentifully all over the Southern states. It is 
very important to the people, although the South now raises many 
other things besides cotton. The Sea Island cotton, 
which is raised off the coast of Georgia, is the finest 
in the world. 

The cotton plant in bloom is a pretty sight. 
The flowers are large, and yellowish in color. 
The cotton fiber sticks to the 
seeds, and must be cleaned 
before it can be used. It is 
sent to the cotton gin to get 
all the seeds out, then it is 
put up in bales. Even the seeds are useful, 
being made into oil and meal. 

Formerly nearly all the cotton was sent 
to the North to be made into cloth, but 
now a large number of factories are found in the South. It will 
be very interesting to any boy or girl to go through a cotton fac- 
tory, to see how the cotton is made into cloth, and to find out 
how many kinds of goods are made out of cotton. 





£ Mm 



■ ■O^ 



p 



FORMS OF PRONOUNS 1 25 

Write a letter dated at New Orleans, giving these 
facts about cotton. Tell where it grows ; how it is 
prepared for the factory ; what the factories make 
of it. 

170. NOMINATIVE AND OBJECTIVE FORMS OF PRONOUNS 

The forms of personal pronouns used as subjects 
of sentences are called nominative forms. They are 
I, we, he, she, and they. 

1. Write five sentences using the nominative 
forms as subjects of sentences. 

The forms of personal pronouns used as objects 
of verbs or of prepositions are called objective forms. 
They are me, us, him, her, and them. 

2. Write sentences using the objective forms as 
objects of verbs. 

3. Write sentences using the objective forms as 
objects of prepositions. 

171. NOMINATIVE AND OBJECTIVE FORMS OF PRONOUNS 

Exercise. — In the following sentences select the 
correct pronoun to be used in each instance : — 

1. Henry and (I, me) will help you. 

2. Can you and (he, him) come this evening? 

3. Mother told Hattie and (I, me) to write. 

4. Could (we, us) and (they, them) do the work? 

5. (They, them) or you should send us word. 

6. Harold will ride with them or (we, us). 

7. These invitations are for you and (she, her). 



126 LETTER WRITING 

8. Father will send neither John nor (I, me). 

9. You and (she, her) may dust the room. 
10. (They, them) and (we, us) have sent word. 
it. These flowers are from brother and (I, me). 

12. Either (we, us) or (he, him) might be deceived. 

13. There is no quarrel between (they, them) and (I, me). 

14. I will visit Annie and (she, her) soon. 

15. (He, him) and his brother sent the fruit. 

172. LETTER WRITING 

Write a letter to your father or mother, suppos- 
ing one of them to be away, and tell all the news. 

Hints : What is the news around your own 

home ; in the neighborhood ; in the church ; in the 

city? 

173. making an outline 

When a person wishes to write a composition, he 
ought always to make an outline first ; for example, 
if one wished to write about " A Day in the Coun- 
try," the outline might be as follows : — 

A Day in the Country 

i. Why we were anxious to go. 

2. What time of year, and what kind of day it was. 

3. How we traveled to reach the place. 

4. How we amused ourselves. 

5. Some incidents of the day. 

Exercise. — Make outlines for these two sub- 
jects : T A Day at SchooK 

2. A Pet I used to Have. 



PHRASES 



174. PHRASES 



1. The house with the tall roof\% very old. 

2. The lost child ran down the street. 

In sentence 1, the phrase with the tall roof be- 
longs to the word house, and tells which house, or 
what kind of house, is spoken of. Since it modifies 
a noun, it is an adjective phrase. 

In sentence 2, the phrase down the street be- 
longs to the word ran, and tells where the child 
ran. Since it modifies a verb, it is an adverbial 
phrase. 

Exercise. — In the following sentences, tell which 
phrases are adjective and which are adverbial: — 

1. The group around the fire moved away. 

2. We are living on Broad Street. 

3. The group moved from the fire. 

4. Put the shoes under the bed. 

5. The watch on the table is mine. 

6. A letter from your father has come. 

7. They discovered a leak in the roof. 

8. The ship glided over the water. 

9. They ran across the meadow. 

10. The button on your coat is loose. 

Write three sentences with adjective phrases, 
underlining the noun modified by the phrase. 
Write three sentences with adverbial phrases, 
underlining the verb modified by the phrase. 



128 



PICTURE STORY 



175. PICTURE STORY 




Tell the story suggested by this picture. 



176. UNFINISHED STORY 
Katharine's Boast 

Katharine Armstrong was very fond of reading. One day when 
she had finished a story about a young girl who had been very 
good to her mother, Katharine looked up and said, " Mother, when 
I am a big girl I am going to wash the dishes for you, and churn, 
and cook the dinner, and do just everything. I am going to help 
you, so that you can rest or read or do whatever you please." 

"That is a good little girl," said her mother, "but can't you 
find something to do now? Isn't there some work that a little girl 
can do?" Katharine thought a minute, and then began to look 
around to find work that she could do. . . . 

Finish the story. 



MAKING AN OUTLINE 129 

177. MAKING AN OUTLINE 
Clouds 

Clouds are very pretty to look at, though some of them are so 
dark that at times they make us feel gloomy and perhaps a little 
discontented. But it is very interesting to study about the clouds. 

In the first place, what are clouds? Did you ever notice the 
steam rising from a kettle? Now a cloud is something like steam, 
because it rises from the water. When the sun shines upon the 
ocean and other large bodies of water it changes part of it into 
particles so small that they cannot be seen and so light that they 
rise into the air. These invisible particles are called vapor. The 
air generally contains a great deal of vapor ; but cold air cannot 
hold so much as warm air. When the vapor, in floating about, 
reaches a colder region, it is chilled and changed into many small 
water drops or ice crystals. These float in the air and form 
clouds. 

If you will notice, you will see several kinds of clouds. The 
clouds that contain fewer water drops or ice crystals look white 
because the light shines through them. When the drops are close 
together they obscure the sun and therefore look black. It is 
these black clouds, which contain the most water, that bring the 
rain or snow. 

When the clouds meet each other in the air they sometimes dis- 
charge electricity, which we hear in the crash of thunder and see 
in the flash of lightning. 

i . Find the topic for each paragraph in the above 
selection, and make an outline. 

2. In a letter to your father or mother, describe 
a thunder storm you have seen, and tell some facts 
you have learned about clouds. 

LANG. LESS.— Q 



130 LETTER WRITING 

178. LETTER WRITING 

Nashville, Tenn., December 1, 1902. 
Messrs. Paul & Hart, 

Cincinnati, Ohio. 
Gentlemen, — 

Please send us at once by express the following books for 
Christmas trade, and charge them to our account : — 
" Robinson Crusoe," 10 copies. 
" The Boy Hunters," 6 copies. 
" Little Women," 12 copies. 
" Santa Claus's Partner," 1 2 copies. 

Yours respectfully, 

Allen & Jones. 
i. Copy this business letter. 

2. Write a business letter, ordering a pair of 
skates for a friend's Christmas present. 

179. REVIEW EXERCISE 

Exercise. — In the following sentences, point out 
the prepositions and tell what kind of phrase each 
introdtcces : — 

1. A large house stood at the top of the hill. 

2. The leader of the party made a long speech. 

3. We drove very fast from the field. 

4. A boy with a bundle stopped my horse. 

5. The boy saw some cattle in the road. 

6. We had eaten supper with our friends. 

7. The house over the hill was burned. 

8. Snow covered the meadows during the winter. 



I SING THE OUTLINE 



131 



In the same sentences, point out the objects of 
the verbs. 

Write three sentences having verbs with noun 
objects, and three with pronoun objects. 

180. USING THE OUTLINE 

First make an outline, then write a composition 
on the subject, " My Trip in a Balloon." Make a 
paragraph on each topic. 

181. PICTURE STORY 



FM 



* 




Tell the story suggested by this picture. 



[82. USING THE OUTLINE 
Facts About Salt 



Did you ever think how important salt is ? How should you 
like to eat a meal without salt in any of the food ? 

In some parts of the world in ancient times salt was used for 
money, and even now in Central Africa only the rich can have it. 



132 UNFINISHED Slum 

A great deal of the trade of the ancient world was for the purpose 
of getting salt. 

There are two ways of getting salt. One is, to get it from sea 
water. The water is run into long, shallow clay beds. When the 
water is evaporated the salt remains as a deposit. The salt is then 
purified and sold. The other way is by mining, for there are great 
beds of rock-salt in many parts of the world. Some is muddy 
looking, but much of it is so pure that it needs only to be ground 
to be ready for packing. Some of the mines are so old that there 
are people living in them all the time. Down deep in the earth 
there are regular villages, with streets and houses, and the people 
who live there seldom see the light of day. 

i. Make an outline from these three paragraphs. 
2. Closing the book, take your topics and repro- 
duce as well as you can the thoughts in the text. 

183. UNFINISHED STORY 
Bob and the Beggar 
Bob was a quarrelsome boy. Nothing ever seemed to please 
him. His mother used to tell him how much better off he was 
than many boys, because he had such a cozy home and a good 
father and mother. Still he often grumbled. One day Bob was 
caught in a hard rain, and had to stay all the afternoon in a beg 
gar's hut. . . . 

Finish the story. 

184. MAKING AN OUTLINE 
Faster Ways of Doing Things 
The world has learned to do things faster and better in the 
last century. 

For example, the farmer used to run his plow slowly along, 
plant his wheat by hand, cut it with a sickle or a scythe, and 



PREDICATE NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES 133 

thrash it in a slow machine run by horse power. Now he has a 
sulky, or wheel plow, which is very rapid ; he sows his wheat with 
a drill ; he cuts it with a mowing machine, which binds the wheat 
into sheaves ; then he thrashes it in a large steam thrasher. 
Finally, a steam fan drives out the chaff and dust from the grains 
of wheat, thus taking the place of the hand flails, which the 
farmers once used. 

People used to travel on horseback from place to place, going 
through rough paths in the woods. Often a woman would ride 
behind her husband, seated on a cushion, called a pillion. Later, 
stagecoaches were made, so that the traveler could sometimes 
cover as much as forty miles in a day. Then railroads were built 
and improved, so that now a train will carry a passenger farther in 
an hour than the stagecoach carried him in a day. 

i. Make an outline from this selection, then 
close your book and reproduce the statements. 
2. Copy five adverbial phrases from the selection. 

185. PREDICATE N'OUNS AND ADJECTIVES 

1. The squire was a fine, healthy old gentleman. 

2. The General soon became President. 

3. The autumn scene was beautiful. 

4. The tree grew tall and straight. 

In the first sentence, the noun gentleman names 
the person as the subject ; it also completes the 
predicate — helps to make a statement. 

In the second sentence, the noun President has 
the same uses : it completes the predicate and 
names the same person as the subject. 

In the third and fourth sentences, the adjectives 



134 PREDICATE NOUNS AM) ADJECTIVES 

beautiful, tall, and straight complete the predicate 
and modify the subjects scene and tree. 

These words are called predicate nouns and predi- 
cate adjectives. They are found after such verbs as 
am, is, are, was, were, have been, has been, had been, 
will be, would be, etc. ; also after become, grow, seem, 
appear, look, sound, feel, smell, etc. 

A predicate noun is one that completes the predi- 
cate and refers to the same person or thing as the 
subject. 

A predicate adjective is one that completes the 
predicate and modifies the subject. 

In the fourth example on page 133, the predicate 
is grew tall and straight ; this consists of the verb 
grew and the predicate adjectives tall and straight. 

186. PREDICATE NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES 

Exercise. — Point out the predicate nouns and 
adjectives in these sentences: — • 

1. My friend was a clerk in the post office. 

2. Such a law would be very injurious. 

3. The man seemed a stranger in our city. 

4. My acquaintances had been Watson and Ralph. 

5. Our companion appeared sad after the visit. 

6. The child looked lonesome but brave. 

7. Who became Emperor after this battle ? 

8. In the summer the clover smells sweet. 

9. The weather will be fair to-morrow 
[o. Sweet was the sound of the music. 



MAKING AN OUTLINE I 35 

187. MAKING AN OUTLINE 
Rain 

When the clouds, about which you learned in Lesson 177, 
become chilled, the tiny water drops combine into larger drops, 
and these, being heavier, fall in the form of rain. Or the little ice 
crystals join together and fall as snow. If you could be on the 
top of a mountain and see a rain storm come up, you would think 
it a beautiful sight. 

In some places, as in the Desert of Sahara in Africa, rain seldom 
falls. In some parts of the world it rains only during one part 
of the year and it is dry the rest of the year. 

Did you ever notice how the flowers, trees, and grass brighten 
up after a spring shower ? 

The snow protects the seeds from the cold and, when it melts, 
the moisture sinks into the ground and helps the plants to grow. 
The ground that is covered with snow does not freeze so far down 
and thaws more quickly when the warm weather comes. It is 
therefore sooner ready to plow when the farmer desires to plant 
his corn and vegetables. 

Make an outline from these paragraphs. 

Exercise. — Copy the following' phrases ; tell 
what each modifies in the selection above, and whether 
each is adjective or adverbial. 

into larger drops in some parts of the world 

in the form of the year 

on the top after a spring shower 

of a mountain into the ground 

in some places from the cold 

in Africa with snow 



136 



STATEMENTS AND PARAGRAPHS 



STATEMENTS AND PARAGRAPHS 



The Partridge 



The partridge is found in most parts of the United States. It 

is a favorite game bird, and is so highly prized that laws have been 

made to keep it from being totally destroyed. 

The bird lives in the woods, and makes a peculiar drumming 

sound with its wings. Its color is of a dull brown like the trees 

and dead leaves around it in the 
autumn ; and this, together with its 
swift movements, makes it easy 
for the partridge to hide. When 
the old birds are suddenly frightened 
and the young birds are with them, 
the little ones will scatter as sud- 
denly as the parents, and it is a 
puzzle to know where they all dis- 
appear so quickly. At night they 
huddle around in a circle, almost 
touching one another. When they 

are alarmed they fly in all directions without interfering with one 

another. 

They fly close to the ground, with a quick motion of the wings, 

and with a great whirring sound. They may be driven into nets 

when on the ground, and are often caught in this way. 

The partridge makes a nest in the grass or weeds, and in it 

lays from ten to twenty eggs. One brood is raised each year. 




i. Write five statements using th 



e woi 



d/ 



ar 



t ridge as the subject of each. 

2. Write one paragraph on the topic, " Habits 
of the Partridge." 



LETTER WRITING I 37 

189. LETTER WRITING 

i. Write a business letter, asking for samples 
of cloth for a dress or a suit. 

2. Write a letter in answer to the above, saying 
the samples are sent and asking for an order. 

190. PREDICATE NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES 

i. Write sentences containing five predicate 
nouns and five predicate adjectives. 

2. Write six sentences having proper nouns as 
subjects, and the verbs completed by predicate 
nouns. 

Example : Napoleon was a great commander. 
191. USING THE OUTLINE 

First make an outline, then write a composition 
on the subject " What I saw in a Mill." 

192. MEMORY EXERCISE 

The Ant and the Glowworm 

When night had spread its darkest shade, 
And even the stars no light conveyed, 
A little ant, of humble gait, 
Was passing homeward somewhat late. 
Rejoiced was she to keep in sight 
A splendid glowworm's useful light ; 
Which, like a lantern clear, bestowed 
Its service o'er her dangerous road. 



[38 A CONTRAST 

Passing along with footsteps firm, 

She thus addressed the glittering worm : 

" A blessing, neighbor, on your light ! 

I kindly thank ye for it. Good-night ! " 

" What," said the vain, though gifted thing, 

" Do you employ the light I bring? 

If so, I'll keep it out of view ; 

I do not shine for such as you." 

It proudly then its light withdrew. 

Just then a traveler passing by, 
Who had beheld with curious eye 
The beauteous luster now put out, 
Left all in darkness and in doubt, 
Unconscious, stepped his foot aside, 
And crushed the glowworm in its pride. 

God, in His wise and bounteous love, 
Has given us talents to improve ; 
And they who hide the precious store 
May do much harm, but suffe7- more. 

i. Write the poem from memory. 
2. Write this story in prose ; also the lesson it 
teaches. 

193. A CONTRAST 
The Apple and the Orange 

Hints: Compare the size; color; covering of 
each ; appearance of each when cut open ; seeds 
of each. 

Tell in what kind of climate each grows; which 
can be kept longer in the cellar; which costs more; 
the uses of each. 



MAKING AN OUTLINE 



[39 



194. MAKING AX OUTLINE 

Faster Ways of Doing Things 

In South Africa letters are sometimes sent by runners. That 
is, a Kaffir negro carries the letter on foot. He cuts a small stick ; 
splits it so that it will hold the letter ; then he goes on a regular, 
steady run for hours and days, until he reaches the end of his 
journey. He does not stop on the way except to eat a little food. 
Civilized nations were somewhat better off when they sent letters 
by horseback riders. It was still better when the stagecoach was 
established. But the best of all' is our day of swift trains, great 
ocean steamers, and splendid post-office systems, by which a letter 
can be sent a thousand miles in a day. 

There has likewise been a great step forward in printing. 
Formerly all the type was 
set by hand and a hand 
press was used to print the 
newspapers. Now a ma- 
chine is often used to 
set the type, especially on 
newspapers, and does the 
work much more quickly. 
The improved press will 
print as many papers in a 
day as the old press could 
print in a whole year. 

Besides this, there are 
machines that fold the 
sheets, bind them together, and cut the edges. 

i. Make an outline from these two paragraphs. 
With this outline as a o-uide, write in your own 
words the thought of the lesson. 




140 



PICTURE STORY 



2. Copy from the selection five words used as 
direct objects, and tell what verb governs each. 

195. PICTURE STORY 




Write the story suggested by this picture. 



196. COMPOUND SENTENCES 

1. I am willing, and I will try. 

2. He is not willing, nor will he try. 

3. He is willing, /->/// he does not succeed. 

Notice that each of these sentences is made up of 
two parts. I am willing is a simple statement, and 
/ will try is a simple statement; but we join the 



CoM Poind SENTENCES 141 

two into one by the word and, so as to make a com- 
pound sentence. 

A compound sentence is one made up of two or 
more simple statements of equal importance. The 
conjunctions and, but, or, nor, and therefore are often 
used to join such statements.. 

Is sentence 2 compound ? How many statements 
has it ? Are these simple and equal ? What con- 
nects them into one sentence ? Answer the same 
questions about the third sentence. 

The two statements in one sentence are called 
clauses. 

Notice that a comma is used to separate the 
first simple statement from the second. 

Exercise. — Show that the following sentences are 
compound : — 

1 . Truth is mighty, and it will prevail. 

2. Come for me, or send word. 

3. We tried, therefore we succeeded. 

4. I ran, but I was late. 

5. The rain came, and we got wet. 

197. COMPOUND SENTENCES 

Exercise. — Using the proper conjunctions, write 
the sentences in each of the following exercises so as 
to form compound sentences : — 

t. I can prove this. The answer is correct. 

2. We saw him go. We did not see him return. 



142 A CONTRAST 

3. You may go. You may stay with me. 

4. We met a farmer. We bade him good morning. 

5. I looked again. The horsemen had gone. 

6. Henry did not answer. You did not. 

7. The boy spoke rudely. I answered politely. 

8. The weeks flew by. Summer was nearly here. 

9. The squirrel peeped in. The birds drove him away. 
10. It is raining. We will return home. 

198. A CONTRAST 
The Mouse and the Mole 

Hints : Compare the size ; shape of body ; color 
of skin ; shape of feet and tail ; eyes. 

Habits — which lives underground, and which 
above ground ; how each escapes when pursued ; in 
what kind of a home each lives ; damage each does. 

199. LETTER WRITING 

1. Write to a bookseller, ordering a book that 
you would like to read. 

2. Write to some hardware firm, ordering a gun. 
Tell exactly the kind and price. 

200. USING the outline 

First make an outline, then write a composition 
on the subject, "What I Found in an Old Trunk." 

201. COMPOUND SENTENCES 

1. Write six compound sentences in which the 
statements are joined by and. 



MAKING AN OUTLINE 



143 



2. Wfite six compound sentences in which the 
statements are joined by neither . . . nor, or by or. 

202. MAKING AN OUTLINE 

The Humming Bird 

One of the most fascinating sights on a summer day is to watch 
a humming bird. To see it poised in mid-air, its wings moving so 
fast as to be invisible, now darting and poising again, then dashing 
away like a shot, now hovering over a flower, — all this might 
entertain an observant boy or girl for many an hour. 

The kind common to most of the United States is known as the 
" ruby-throated " humming bird. It is about three inches long. 
It is found east of the Rocky Mountains and on up into Canada. 
It comes in the spring and stays during the summer while the 
flowers are blooming. It feeds on honey which it sucks from the 
flowers, and on insects. 




The nest of the humming bird is very small and is shaped like a 
cup. It is lined with plant down, gossamer, and other delicate 
fibers. The bird lays only two eggs, but hatches two broods in the 
year. The young birds can fly within a week after hatching, but 
are not so rich in coloring until they are about a year old. 

The coloring of our humming bird is brilliant and beautiful. 
Its neck is a ruby red ; the upper part of the body is green and 
gold ; the quills and tail are purple brown. Its bill is very long and 



144 UNFINISHED STORY 

sharp. Its eyes are bright and keen, and it will fly art an enemy 
fifty or sixty yards away. 

The humming bird is a brave little fellow. It will chase the blue- 
bird or the martin, but will fly in haste away from a bumblebee. 

i. Make an outline of five topics from the para- 
graphs above. 

2. In the fourth paragraph, copy four statements 
that have predicate adjectives ; draw one line under 
the subjects and two under the predicate adjectives. 

203. UNFINISHED STORY 
Will and the Circus 

Will Holly was a very poor boy. He had seen the gay circus 
procession pass, and he wanted to go to the circus. He started 
off toward the tents, hoping he might earn a quarter. As he 
walked along, he saw a horse running away, and an old man was 
in the carriage. . . . 

Finish the story. 

204. DICTATION EXERCISE 
Rules for Reading 
Read the best books which wise and sensible persons advise. 
Ask yourself, " Do I understand what I read? Do I benefit by it? 
Do I become wiser and better by it?" Read with a firm determi- 
nation to make use of all you read. Do not, by reading, neglect 
a more immediate or more important duty. Do not read with a 
view of making a display of your reading. Do not read too much 
at a time. Reflect on what you have read, and let it be a nourish- 
ment of the heart and soul, quietly enjoyed and well digested. 

What kind of sentence is each in the above lines? 
Write the paragraph from dictation. 



A CONTRAST I45 

205. A CONTRAST 
The Potato and the Tomato 

Hints: Where each grows; how cultivated; 
shape ; size ; taste ; seeds ; how potatoes are 
planted. 

History — potatoes known for hundreds of years; 
tomatoes cultivated for a century or less. 

Preparation of both for eating. 

206. DICTATION EXERCISE 
The Humming Bird 

Write from dictation the first two paragraphs in 
Lesson 202. 

207. COMPOUND SENTENCES 

i. Write six compound sentences in which the 
statements are connected by but 

2. Write six compound sentences in which the 
statements are connected by therefore. 

20S. USING THE OUTLINE 

Make an outline, then write a composition on the 
subject, " A Day in the Woods," or " Some Birds I 
have Noticed." 

209. QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 
How Rivers are Formed 
The falling of rain is very important because it has so much to 
do with the farmer's crops ; it is also important because the con- 
dition of rivers depends on the amount of rain. How, then, are 
rivers formed, and what makes them rise or fall ? 

LANG. LESS. — IO 



I46 REVIEW 

When the rain falls, some of it is taken up by plants and trees, 
some of it passes off in the form of vapor, and some of it runs off 
in the form of rills or brooks. These empty into creeks, and the 
creeks empty into rivers. If there is a great deal of rain at once, 
the smaller streams are swollen out of banks, and they pour too 
much water into the river. Then there is an overflow which 
causes much damage. 

But some of the rain trickles down into the ground. After a 
time it meets a bed of rock or a layer of earth that it cannot pass 
through. Then it spreads out and at some point may come to the 
surface in the form of a spring. Hundreds of springs are constantly 
emptying their pure water into rills, creeks, and rivers, and hence 
the rivers always have at least a certain amount of water, even when 
it rains very little. 

i. Write three questions about the facts in each 
of the above paragraphs. 

2. Write statements in answer to these questions. 

210. REVIEW 

Exercise. — In the following sentences, point out 

the direct objects, predicate nouns, and predicate 

adjectives : — 

1. Our boys drew a long double sled. 

2. The cricket is a noisy little fellow. 

3. He whistles a clear and happy tune. 

4. The bird was young and very tame. 

5. Mary did not feel cold in the sunshine. 

6. The seed may become a beautiful plant. 

7. One boy recited a long story of adventure." 

8. The teacher has been a friend to me. 

9. The driver of the cart seemed very angry. 
10. He had beaten his poor horse cruelly. 



LETTER WRITING 1 47 

211. LETTER WRITING 

Wanted — Active, honest boy, ten to fourteen years old, to run 
errands and do general work in a business office. Allen & Jones, 
328 Maple Street. 

1. Copy the above advertisement. 

2. Write a note, applying for the position, and 
stating your fitness for it. 

212. MEMORY EXERCISE 

Little by Little 

" Little by little," an acorn said, 
As it slowly sank in its mossy bed, 
" I am improving every day, 
Hidden deep in the earth away." 

Little by little, each day it grew, 
Little by little, it sipped the dew ; 
Downward it sent out a threadlike root, 
Up in the air sprang a tiny shoot. 

Day after day, and year after year, 

Little by little, the leaves appear, 

And the slender branches spread far and wide, 

Till the mighty oak is the forest's pride. 

" Little by little," said a thoughtful boy, 
" Moment by moment I'll well employ ; 
Learning a little every day, 
And not spending all my time in play ; 
And still this rule in my mind shall dwell — 
Whatever,! do, I'll do it well. 



148 



STORY WklTIV 



" Little by little, I'll learn to know 
The treasured wisdom of long ago, 
And one of these days perhaps we'll see 
That the world will be the better for me." 
And do you not think that this simple plan 
Made him a wise and useful man? 

Write this poem from memory. 

213. STORY WRITING 

Acorns 

Write the story of an acorn, to the time when 
the oak is used as lumber for building or furniture. 

214. PICTURE STORY 




Tell the story suggested by this picture. 



215. ANALYSIS OF COMPOUND SENTENCES 

As a compound sentence is made up of two 
simple statements, the way to analyze it is to 



ANALYSIS OF COMPOUND SENTENCES 149 

separate it into its two parts, then analyze each one 
as a simple sentence. For example, " I am tired, 
therefore I wish a short rest." This is a compound 
sentence ; it consists of two simple and equal 
clauses. The first is, / am tired ; the second is, / 
wish a short rest; they are connected by the con- 
junction therefore. 

In the first clause, I is the subject, am tired is 
the predicate ; the predicate consists of the verb am 
and the predicate adjective tired. 

In the second clause, 1 is the subject, zuish a 
short rest is the predicate ; the predicate consists of 
the verb wish, its object a short rest ; rest is modi- 
fied by the adjectives a and short. 

The order of analysis, then, is as follows : — 

1. Kind of sentence. 

2. The two clauses of which it is made. 

3. The word connecting them. 

4. Analysis of each clause. 

Exercise. — Analyze the following compound sen- 
tences : — 

We have worked rapidly, but we shall finish soon. 
You may stay now, or you may come to-morrow. 

3. The weather, is warm, and the plants are growing fast. 

4. The boy was punished, but he told the truth. 

5. The work will help us, therefore we should work faithfully. 

6. The armies approached, and a great battle was fought. 
It stormed, therefore we did not go out. 



150 



SENTENCES AND PARAGRAPHS 



216. SENTENCES AND PARAGRAPHS 
The Gardener Bird 




In the island of New Guinea there lives one of the strangest 
of birds. It is called the gardener bird, because its nest is really 
a garden. It is a small bird, dark brown on top of its head, 
back, wings, and tail. Underneath it is a greenish red. It is 
about the size of a catbird. 

When it is ready to build a nest, it finds a little bush for a 
center. It brings twigs from other plants, leans them in a row 
against the center shrub, and sticks them down so that they will 



grow 



It then scatters moss in front of the door 



On this little lawn it places colored berries and fresh (lowers. 
When the flowers fade, it brings fresh ones to decorate the little 
yard. The house is sometimes three feet wide and nearly two 
feet high, and the yard has more room still. 



LETTER WRITING I 5 I 

i. From this selection copy three simple sen- 
tences and two compound sentences. 

2. Learn the facts of the lesson so that you can 
recite them, then rewrite the lesson in three para- 
graphs. 

217. LETTER WRITING 
Importance of Forests 

The facts learned in Lesson 209 will help you to understand why 
forests are so important. Of course they are valuable for their 
lumber ; but besides that, they are of the greatest importance to 
the farmers. 

If a hill is covered with a dense forest, less of the rain that falls 
runs off the surface of the ground. The roots of the trees keep 
the soil loose and spongy so that it can absorb much water. Thus 
bright, cool, lasting springs are formed, which feed the rivers and 
keep them all the time at a pretty steady height. 

But suppose the farmer, anxious to clear more land, cuts away 
all the forest. From the bare land much of the rain, instead of 
running off slowly, rushes down through rills and creeks to swell 
the rivers, which then overflow their banks. The land is then 
washed into gullies by the rills and creeks, and the best part of the 
soil is washed away. 

This matter is so important that our government has begun 
to make laws to protect our forests, and to provide for the plant- 
ing of as many trees as possible. 

Imagine you are in a part of the country where 
the forests are all cleared away ; write a letter to 
your teacher and explain to him why it is important 
to preserve the forests. Divide the letter carefully 
into paragraphs. 



152 MEMORY EXERCISE 

218. MEMORY EXERCISE 

The Wind and the Leaves 

"Come, little leaves," said the wind one day, 
" Come o'er the meadows with me and play. 
Put on your dresses of red and gold ; 
Summer is gone, and the days grow cold." 

Soon as the leaves heard the wind's low call, 
Down they came fluttering, one and all ; 
Over the brown fields they danced and flew, 
Singing the soft little songs they knew. 

" Cricket, good-by, we've been friends so long ! 
Pretty brook, sing us your farewell song ; 
Say you are sorry to see us go. 
Oh ! you will miss us, right well we know. 

" Dear little lambs, in your fleecy fold, 
Mother will keep you from harm and cold ; 
Fondly we've watched you in vale and glade ; 
Say, will you dream of our loving shade?" 

Dancing and whirling, the little leaves went ; 
Winter had called them, and they were content. 
Soon fast asleep in their earthly beds, 
The snow laid a coverlet over their heads. 

Write this poem from memory. Be careful of 
the punctuation. 

219. STANZAS AND VERSES 

Notice the division of the poem " The Wind and 
the Leaves" into five parts of four lines each. 



USING THE OUTLINE 1 53 

Such divisions are called stanzas. A stanza 
may have any number of lines. 

Each line of poetry is called a verse. 

Do not make the mistake of calling a stanza a 
verse. A verse is only a line. 

Verses that end with words having similar sounds, 
as day and play, gold and cold, are said to rhyme. 

How many stanzas are there in the poem " The 
Wind and the Leaves " ? How many verses ? Which 
verses rhyme? 

How many stanzas are there in the poem on page 
22? How many verses to each stanza? Which 
verses rhyme? 

How many verses are there to each stanza of the 
poem on page 28? How do the verses rhyme? 

Notice that in the poems on pages 28 and 67 the 
second and fourth lines of each stanza are indented, 
whereas in the poems on pages 147 and 152 they are 
notr We do not indent when two lines that come 
together rhyme ; but when the first line rhymes with 
the third, the second with the fourth, etc., the even- 
numbered lines are indented. 

220. USING THE OUTLINE 

Make an outline of the poem " The Wind and 
the Leaves," choosing one topic for each stanza. 

With these topics as a guide, write in prose the 
thought of the poem. 



154 



ABBREYIATM >\'S 



221. ABBREVIATIONS 

What is an abbreviation ? Mention the abbrevi- 
ations you learned to write in Lesson 19. 

In addressing letters it is often useful to know 
the following abbreviations : — 

Divisions of the United States 



Alabama .... 


Ala. 


Nebraska . 


Neb. 


Arizona .... 


Ariz. 


Nevada .... 


. Nev. 


Arkansas . . 


Ark. 


New Hampshire . 


N.H. 


California 


Cal. 


New Jersey 


N.J. 


Colorado . . . 


Colo. 


New Mexico . 


N. Mex 


Connecticut 


Conn. 


New York . . . 


N.V. 


Delaware . . 


Del. 


North Carolina 


N.C 


District of Columbia 


D.C. 


North Dakota 


N. Dak. 


Florida .... 


Fla. 


Oklahoma . 


Okla. 


Georgia .... 


Ga. 


Pennsylvania . 


Pa. 


Illinois . . . . 


111. 


Philippine Islands 


P.I. 


Indiana .... 


Ind. 


Porto Rico . . 


P.R. 


Iowa 


la. 


Rhode Island . 


R.I. 


Kansas .... 


Kans. 


South Carolina 


S.C. 


Kentucky . . . 


Ky. 


South Dakota . 


S. Dak. 


Louisiana 


La. 


Tennessee . . . 


Tenn. 


Maine .... 


Me. 


Texas .... 


Tex. 


Maryland . . . 


Md. 


Vermont 


Vt. 


Massachusetts . 


Mass. 


Virginia 


Va. 


Michigan 


. Mich. 


Washington 


Wash. 


Minnesota . 


Minn. 


West Virginia . 


W. Va. 


Mississippi . 


Miss. 


Wisconsin . 


Wis. 


Missouri .... 


Mo. 


Wyoming . 


. VVyo. 


Montana .... 


Mont. 







The names of the divisions Alaska, Hawaii, 
Idaho, Ohio, Oregon, and Utah arc not abbreviated. 



1*1< TURE STORY 
222. PICTURE STORY 



'55 




Write a story suggested by this picture. Be 
:areful of paragraphs and punctuation. 

223. DICTATION EXERCISE 

1. The gifts that we have, heaven lends for right using, 
And not for ignoring, and not for abusing. 

2. A wind came up out of the sea 

And said, " O mists, make room for me ! " 

3. How beautiful is night ! 

4. Honor and shame from no condition rise ; 
Act well your part, there all the honor lies. 

Write the above verses from dictation. 



156 PUNCTUATION 

224. PUNCTUATION 

Use a capital letter to begin : the first word of 
every sentence (page 10), of every line of poetry 
(page 22), and of every direct quotation (page 62); 
all proper nouns (page 16); the names of the days 
of the week and of the months of the year ; the 
pronoun /; and most abbreviations (page 20). 

Use a period (.) after every sentence making a 
statement or expressing a command (page $7), and 
after every abbreviation (page 20). 

Use a comma (,) to separate words, phrases, or 
clauses forming a series ; as, He is honest, brave, 
and clever ; to separate the clauses of a compound 
sentence (page 141); and to separate a direct quota- 
tion from the rest of the sentence (page 62). 

Use a semicolon (;) to separate the clauses of a 
compound sentence when these are divided by com- 
mas into smaller parts ; as, He is not anxious, impa- 
tient, or rash ; but he is thoughtful, serious, and calm. 

Use a colon (:) before a direct quotation intro- 
duced by words like thus, as follows , this, namely ; 
as, Raising his head he spoke thus: " Save him or 
let me die too? 

Use an interrogation point (?) after every direct 
question (page 37). 

Use an exclamation point (!) after words, phrases, 
or clauses expressing strong emotion (page 71). 



PUNCTUATION 1 57 

Use an apostrophe (') in contractions to show that 
part of the word is omitted (page 32); and to indi- 
cate ownership (page 1 1 5). 

Use quotation marks (" ") before and after a 
direct quotation (page 62). 

225. PUNCTUATION 
Punctuate the following sentences correctly : — 

1. next came the saddle but that was not half so bad as the 
bridle 

2. I put my head up and said how do you do what is your 
name 

3. one horse was named justice and was used for riding the 
other was an old brown hunter and was named sir oliver 

4. the footman spoke to me as follows what do you live at the 
doctors house 

5. do not run romp or shout but try to be quiet gentle and 
thoughtful 

6. a mans life is worth more than a book a house or a fortune 

7. stupid boy stupid boy exclaimed the doctor 

8. on the first monday in January we decided to leave england 

226. LETTER WRITING 

i. Write to your teacher, asking him or her to 
recommend you for the position spoken of in Les- 
son 211. 

2. Write a note to the firm, recommending a 
boy friend for the position. Tell something about 
his character and history. 



I5<S USING THE OUTLINE 

227. USING THE OUTLINE 

Make an outline, then write a composition on 
the subject, kC A Day in the Polar Region," or "A 
Story about a Bird." 

228. REVIEW 

What does the singular form of a noun denote? 
What does the plural form denote? How is the 
plural form usually made from the singular ? What 
are some of the irregular ways of forming the plu- 
ral ? What is the possessive form of a noun ? How 
is the possessive singular written? How is the 
possessive plural written ? What phrase means the 
same as the possessive ? 

What is meant by the nominative form of pro- 
nouns ? The objective form ? Give examples of 
both in sentences. In the following list, tell which 
are nominative forms and which are objective forms: 
/, me, us, we, him, he, they, them, she, her. 

229. REVIEW 

1. Write five sentences, using nominative forms 
of pronouns. 

2. Write five sentences, using the correct forms 
as objects of verbs. 

3. Write five sentences, using the correct forms 
as objects of prepositions. 



REVIEW 159 



230. REVIEW 

What arc parts of speech? Answer: Classes 
into which words are divided according to their use 
and meaning. 

How many have we studied? Answer: Eight 
— Nouns, Pronouns, Adjectives, Verbs, Adverbs, 
Conjunctions, Prepositions, and Interjections. Give 
definition of each. 

Learn the following outline of the classes into 

which parts of speech are divided : — 

[ Describe. 
f Common. . ,. . , I _ 

Nouns \ Adjectives that \ Number. 

I Proper. I . _ 

1 [ Point Out. 

[Time. 
(Personal. . , . I _,, 

Pronouns < _ . . Adverbs i Place. 

1 Questioning. | _ _ 

[ Manner. 

Give the definition of each of these classes, and 
examples of each in sentences. 



231. REVIEW 

What are the parts of a simple sentence ? 

Answer: Subject, Predicate, Object, Predicate 
Noun or Predicate Adjective, and Modifiers. 

Give a definition of : Subject, Predicate, Object, 
Predicate Noun, Predicate Adjective. 

What are the modifiers ? 

Answer : The subject is modified by an adjective 



l6o REVIEW 

or by an adjective phrase. The predicate is modi- 
fied by an adverb or by an adverbial phras< 

What is the difference between a phra.su and a 
clause ? 

Answer: A clause is a statement used as part of 
another sentence; a phrase is not a statement, but 
a group of words used as a modifier. 

What is analysis of sentences? What is a quo- 
tation? How is a quotation to be punctuated ? 

232. REVIEW 

What kinds of sentences have we studied ? 

Answer : f Statement. 

As to form \ Question. 

[Command. 

/ s 7 f Simple. 

As to number of clauses { 

[Compound. 

Give a definition of each, and write one of each. 
Mention five conjunctions that join the clauses of 
a compound sentence. What punctuation is used 
between the clauses of a compound sentence? 

1. Write five sentences, in each of which the 
object is modified by an adjective phrase. 

2. Write five compound sentences having the 
clauses connected by and, but, or, nor, or therefore. 
Punctuate them properly. 



JAN 31 1903 




LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



003 244 423 4 



